Son of a collier
Well-Known Member
Fat soluble vitamins are A, D.E & K and the rest are water soluble. Most of the vitamins have been found to act as coenzymes and some act as growth regulators.
VITAMIN B GROUPS
Thiamine (Vitamin B1): Deficiency of this causes beriberi in human beings. In plants this vitamin is found in large quantities in actively growing regions and also in the husks of cereal grains. It is synthesized in leaves in the presence of light and then translocates to other regions preferably to growing regions.
Thiamine consists of a substituted pyrimidine ring. It forms a bridge with another substituted thiozole by a methyl bridge. It exists as a free from and also as bound form called thiamine pyrophosphates.
Thiamine pyrophosphate acts as the coenzyme for enzymes such as pyruvate decarboxylase and keto gluteraldehyde decarboxylase reactions where CO2 is removed.
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2):. This vitamin is synthesized in plant leaves. Even micro organisms produce them.
This yellow pigment is derived from isoalloxanthine. There are two types of riboflavins called riboflavin mononucleotide and riboflavin dinucleotide. They act as the prosthetic group of some important respiratory enzymes, ex., succinic dehydrogenase and NADPH dehydrogenase etc. They are involved in electron transport and transfer of hydrogen groups. It is suspected that this compound is involved in absorbing light at 445 mm and cause destruction of IAA and brings about phototropic curvature in stem tips. Delbruck calls this pigment as ‘Cryptochromes’.
Nicotinic acid (Niacin):In plants, it is found in leaves and green stems. It requires light for its synthesis. For the development of roots this compound is absolutely required. As roots cannot synthesize niacin and its derivates, it is imported from aerial leaves. It is believed that it is synthesized from a precursor called tryptophan, which is also a precursor for IAA.
The term nicotinic acid is used because it is a component of a toxic alkaloid called nicotine found in tobacco leaves. It also exists as an amide called nicotinamide which is linked to a ribose sugar; hence it is called as the derivative of a ribose pyrimidine. There are two important complexes called nicotinamide dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate (NADP).
These pyrimidine nucleotides function as coenzymes for many oxido-reductases which are involved in respiration, fatty acid metabolism, glucose monophosphate shunt, photosynthesis, amino acid synthesis and other such reactions. It is loosely bound to the apoenzyme part and involved in the transfer of hydrogen group and electrons.
Pentothenic Acid: It is found in significant quantities in aleurone layers of rice, wheat and other cereals. Synthesis of this component takes place in all parts of the plant body.
It is a nine carbon amino carboxyl compound. Always it is linked to ribosyl adenine diphosphate at one end and to B mercaptoethylamine at the other. This complex is called coenzyme. This vitamin is involved in trans-acetylation reaction of pyruvate dehydrogenase and keto-glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase reactions. It is also involved in the synthesis of acetyl choline and citrate. Pentothenic acid has been implicated in photoperiodic reactions in plants. It plays an important role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids.
Biotin: This vitamin is distributed in all parts of the plant body. Biotin consists of imidazole ring fused with thiophene inactivated by a protein called avidin, found in the white of the egg (raw). Heating destroys this inhibitor. Again this vitamin acts as the coenzyme covalently bound to some carboxylase enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis.
Vitamin B6 complex: This is made up of a group of pyridoxine and pyridoxal compounds like pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxal amine, pyridoxal phosphate and pyridoxal amine phosphate.
They are distributed in all parts of the plant body like leaves, stem, roots, seeds, fruits, etc. The active part B6 co enzymes are pyridoxal phosphate and pyridoxalamine phosphate. They are involved in amino acid synthesis by transamination reactions. This is also an important growth factor in plants particularly for tissue cultures for rooting.
Folic Acid: As this acidic compound is derived from the leaves, it is called folic acid. First, it was isolated from spinach leaves and now it is known that it is found distributed in all parts of the plant body. Its deficiency causes various kinds of anemia in human beings.
It is made up of substituted pteridine p-amino benzoic acid and glutamic acid, all together called pteroglutamic acid. The coenzyme form of folic acid is the reduced folate called tetrahdrofolate.
Folic acid is involved in the transfer of hydroxy-methyl group of one amino acid to the other. It actually acts as a kind of shuttle between compounds. This is a very important coenzyme in amino acid metabolism, and also in the synthesis of nitrogen bases required for the nucleotides. In humans it cause tongue boils and blisters
Lipoic Acid: This vitamin is also called as thio-acetic acid. Again it is found distributed in all the parts of the plant holds. This combines with lysine to form dihydrolipoic acid. As it has two sulphide groups, it is involved in oxidation reduction reactions. This is a very important coenzyme and it is responsible for oxidative decarboxylation reactions of pyruvate and other ketoacids.
Vitamin B12: Vitamin B12 is used to cure pernicious anemia. This is also found in the plants; particularly leguminous root nodules. Structurally, it is very complex and contains cobalt in the middle of coring a ring and it is called Cyanacobalamin; because it contains cyanide group. It acts as coenzyme. This coenzyme is synthesized in symbiotic Rhizobium bacteria. It plays an important role in nitrogenase enzymatic reaction in fixing inorganic N2 into NH3.
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid): It is found in all the parts of the plant body but lemon, capsicum and other citrus fruits contain large amounts. The deficiency of this vitamin causes scurvey disease in human beings. Vitamin C acts as a strong reducing agent. It is involved in enzymatic hydroxylation of proline to hydroxyproline which is an important component of extension found in cell walls. It is also involved in cyclic oxidation reduction reactions.
Myo – inositol: A cyclic sugar alcohol called Myo-inositol is an important component of the plant body. It acts as a growth factor in plants and used in plant tissue cultures. Myo-inositol is an important component of membrane Phosphoglycerides. It is also involved signal transduction pathway.
FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS
Vitamin A: Deficiency of vitamin A causes night blindness in human beings. Though it is synthesized as carotenes in the plant body, particularly in green leaves its role is not known in plant metabolism. From animal experiments, it is now known that it plays an important role in the eyes as an important component of Rhodopsin. In some bacteria like halo-bacteria, this vitamin plays an important role in hydrogen production. It is also known to be involved in growth, spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
Vitamin K: This fat soluble vitamin is found in plant leaves and other photosynthetic structures, particularly, in chloroplasts. It is involved in cyclic and non cyclic electron transport system. Nothing is known about its other functions in plants. It is also involved in antiport transport of Na ions. But in animals, it is very important in blood clotting. However, the role of other vitamins or such compounds is not clearly known in plants.
L - Glutamic Acid & L - Aspartic Acid, by transamination give rise to the rest of the amino acids.
L - Proline & Hydroxy Proline act mainly on the hydric balance of the plant strengthening the cellular walls in such a way that they increase resistance to unfavourable climatic conditions.
L - Alanine, L - Valine & L - Leucine improve quality of fruits.
L - Histidine helps in proper ripening of fruits.
L - Tryptophan is precursor for Auxin synthesis. L - Tryptophan is used in plants in L - Form only. L - Tryptophan is available only if hydrolysis of Protein is carried out by enzyme.
If hydrolysis is carried out by acid or alkali, as done in many European countries,
L - Tryptophan is destroyed.
L - Arginine induces synthesis of flower and fruit related hormones.
L - Glutamic Acid & L - Aspartic Acid, by transamination give rise to the rest of the amino acids.
L - Proline & Hydroxy Proline act mainly on the hydric balance of the plant strengthening the cellular walls in such a way that they increase resistance to unfavourable climatic conditions.
L - Alanine, L - Valine & L - Leucine improve quality of fruits.
L - Histidine helps in proper ripening of fruits.
VITAMIN B GROUPS
Thiamine (Vitamin B1): Deficiency of this causes beriberi in human beings. In plants this vitamin is found in large quantities in actively growing regions and also in the husks of cereal grains. It is synthesized in leaves in the presence of light and then translocates to other regions preferably to growing regions.
Thiamine consists of a substituted pyrimidine ring. It forms a bridge with another substituted thiozole by a methyl bridge. It exists as a free from and also as bound form called thiamine pyrophosphates.
Thiamine pyrophosphate acts as the coenzyme for enzymes such as pyruvate decarboxylase and keto gluteraldehyde decarboxylase reactions where CO2 is removed.
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2):. This vitamin is synthesized in plant leaves. Even micro organisms produce them.
This yellow pigment is derived from isoalloxanthine. There are two types of riboflavins called riboflavin mononucleotide and riboflavin dinucleotide. They act as the prosthetic group of some important respiratory enzymes, ex., succinic dehydrogenase and NADPH dehydrogenase etc. They are involved in electron transport and transfer of hydrogen groups. It is suspected that this compound is involved in absorbing light at 445 mm and cause destruction of IAA and brings about phototropic curvature in stem tips. Delbruck calls this pigment as ‘Cryptochromes’.
Nicotinic acid (Niacin):In plants, it is found in leaves and green stems. It requires light for its synthesis. For the development of roots this compound is absolutely required. As roots cannot synthesize niacin and its derivates, it is imported from aerial leaves. It is believed that it is synthesized from a precursor called tryptophan, which is also a precursor for IAA.
The term nicotinic acid is used because it is a component of a toxic alkaloid called nicotine found in tobacco leaves. It also exists as an amide called nicotinamide which is linked to a ribose sugar; hence it is called as the derivative of a ribose pyrimidine. There are two important complexes called nicotinamide dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate (NADP).
These pyrimidine nucleotides function as coenzymes for many oxido-reductases which are involved in respiration, fatty acid metabolism, glucose monophosphate shunt, photosynthesis, amino acid synthesis and other such reactions. It is loosely bound to the apoenzyme part and involved in the transfer of hydrogen group and electrons.
Pentothenic Acid: It is found in significant quantities in aleurone layers of rice, wheat and other cereals. Synthesis of this component takes place in all parts of the plant body.
It is a nine carbon amino carboxyl compound. Always it is linked to ribosyl adenine diphosphate at one end and to B mercaptoethylamine at the other. This complex is called coenzyme. This vitamin is involved in trans-acetylation reaction of pyruvate dehydrogenase and keto-glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase reactions. It is also involved in the synthesis of acetyl choline and citrate. Pentothenic acid has been implicated in photoperiodic reactions in plants. It plays an important role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids.
Biotin: This vitamin is distributed in all parts of the plant body. Biotin consists of imidazole ring fused with thiophene inactivated by a protein called avidin, found in the white of the egg (raw). Heating destroys this inhibitor. Again this vitamin acts as the coenzyme covalently bound to some carboxylase enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis.
Vitamin B6 complex: This is made up of a group of pyridoxine and pyridoxal compounds like pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxal amine, pyridoxal phosphate and pyridoxal amine phosphate.
They are distributed in all parts of the plant body like leaves, stem, roots, seeds, fruits, etc. The active part B6 co enzymes are pyridoxal phosphate and pyridoxalamine phosphate. They are involved in amino acid synthesis by transamination reactions. This is also an important growth factor in plants particularly for tissue cultures for rooting.
Folic Acid: As this acidic compound is derived from the leaves, it is called folic acid. First, it was isolated from spinach leaves and now it is known that it is found distributed in all parts of the plant body. Its deficiency causes various kinds of anemia in human beings.
It is made up of substituted pteridine p-amino benzoic acid and glutamic acid, all together called pteroglutamic acid. The coenzyme form of folic acid is the reduced folate called tetrahdrofolate.
Folic acid is involved in the transfer of hydroxy-methyl group of one amino acid to the other. It actually acts as a kind of shuttle between compounds. This is a very important coenzyme in amino acid metabolism, and also in the synthesis of nitrogen bases required for the nucleotides. In humans it cause tongue boils and blisters
Lipoic Acid: This vitamin is also called as thio-acetic acid. Again it is found distributed in all the parts of the plant holds. This combines with lysine to form dihydrolipoic acid. As it has two sulphide groups, it is involved in oxidation reduction reactions. This is a very important coenzyme and it is responsible for oxidative decarboxylation reactions of pyruvate and other ketoacids.
Vitamin B12: Vitamin B12 is used to cure pernicious anemia. This is also found in the plants; particularly leguminous root nodules. Structurally, it is very complex and contains cobalt in the middle of coring a ring and it is called Cyanacobalamin; because it contains cyanide group. It acts as coenzyme. This coenzyme is synthesized in symbiotic Rhizobium bacteria. It plays an important role in nitrogenase enzymatic reaction in fixing inorganic N2 into NH3.
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid): It is found in all the parts of the plant body but lemon, capsicum and other citrus fruits contain large amounts. The deficiency of this vitamin causes scurvey disease in human beings. Vitamin C acts as a strong reducing agent. It is involved in enzymatic hydroxylation of proline to hydroxyproline which is an important component of extension found in cell walls. It is also involved in cyclic oxidation reduction reactions.
Myo – inositol: A cyclic sugar alcohol called Myo-inositol is an important component of the plant body. It acts as a growth factor in plants and used in plant tissue cultures. Myo-inositol is an important component of membrane Phosphoglycerides. It is also involved signal transduction pathway.
FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS
Vitamin A: Deficiency of vitamin A causes night blindness in human beings. Though it is synthesized as carotenes in the plant body, particularly in green leaves its role is not known in plant metabolism. From animal experiments, it is now known that it plays an important role in the eyes as an important component of Rhodopsin. In some bacteria like halo-bacteria, this vitamin plays an important role in hydrogen production. It is also known to be involved in growth, spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
Vitamin K: This fat soluble vitamin is found in plant leaves and other photosynthetic structures, particularly, in chloroplasts. It is involved in cyclic and non cyclic electron transport system. Nothing is known about its other functions in plants. It is also involved in antiport transport of Na ions. But in animals, it is very important in blood clotting. However, the role of other vitamins or such compounds is not clearly known in plants.
L - Glutamic Acid & L - Aspartic Acid, by transamination give rise to the rest of the amino acids.
L - Proline & Hydroxy Proline act mainly on the hydric balance of the plant strengthening the cellular walls in such a way that they increase resistance to unfavourable climatic conditions.
L - Alanine, L - Valine & L - Leucine improve quality of fruits.
L - Histidine helps in proper ripening of fruits.
L - Tryptophan is precursor for Auxin synthesis. L - Tryptophan is used in plants in L - Form only. L - Tryptophan is available only if hydrolysis of Protein is carried out by enzyme.
If hydrolysis is carried out by acid or alkali, as done in many European countries,
L - Tryptophan is destroyed.
L - Arginine induces synthesis of flower and fruit related hormones.
L - Glutamic Acid & L - Aspartic Acid, by transamination give rise to the rest of the amino acids.
L - Proline & Hydroxy Proline act mainly on the hydric balance of the plant strengthening the cellular walls in such a way that they increase resistance to unfavourable climatic conditions.
L - Alanine, L - Valine & L - Leucine improve quality of fruits.
L - Histidine helps in proper ripening of fruits.