Yes, you can use co2 outdoors, but the plants need to be in a greenhouse, or in some kind of see-thru tent. In fact, if you can grow this way, you will product huge buds. Natural powerful sun, and co2 added to the air, you would see great results.
The air we breath has between 300-500ppm of co2. Marijuana grows best at 1500-2000ppm of co2. The best way to maintain this level is by using a co2 monitor/controller. It measures the co2 levels in the greenhouse every 3 seconds, and when levels go below 1500 ppm of co2, it turns on the co2 to add until the levels go to 2000ppm of co2, or whatever levels you set it to.
It's costly for the monitors/controllers, they start at $400 for a decent one.