BarnBuster
Virtually Unknown Member
Military leadership aside, ultimately it was our our seemingly "infinite" availability of raw material to produce the ships, tanks, planes and armaments that a multi-front war gobbled up at a prodigious rate.
The Official "RIU History" Thread
- Thread starter Padawanbater2
- Start date
Padawanbater2
Well-Known Member
Production!
Would you go so far as to say we couldn't have won the war without the female population back home supporting us?
BarnBuster
Virtually Unknown Member
Absolutely. My mom worked in the Bendix plant assembling instrument panel gauges for B-29's. I've heard them (the women) referred to as another of America's secret weapons when the automotive, refrigerator and typewriter factories retooled for war production.
found this:
Overview
By Penny Colman
One of the most dramatic changes during World War II was the number of women who went to work. As the armed forces filled its ranks with manpower, industry filled its jobs with womanpower. For the duration of the war, the U.S. government and industry wooed American women to work in the war effort. The title of a song, "Rosie the Riveter," quickly became the catchphrase that represented all women war workers.
During World War II, more than six million women joined the workforce. In August 1943, Newsweek magazine reported: "They [women] are in the shipyards, lumber mills, steel mills, foundries. They are welders, electricians, mechanics, and even boilermakers. They operate streetcars, buses, cranes, and tractors. Women engineers are working in the drafting rooms and women physicists and chemists in the great industrial laboratories." More than two million women joined the war effort as clerical workers, nearly one million of whom were hired by the federal government. Women also became police officers, taxicab drivers, lawyers, statisticians, journalists, and members of symphony orchestras, as men left for the armed forces. Women ran farms, planted crops, tended animals, and harvested tons of vegetables, fruits, and grains.
Volunteers for the Civilian Defense took classes on how to care for the wounded, like these women in a first aid class in New York City in 1941. Photo Credit: Library of Congress
In addition, three million women served as Red Cross volunteers. Millions of women worked for the Civilian Defense as air-raid wardens, fire watchers messengers, drivers, auxiliary police. Women volunteers also devoted hours to scanning the sky with binoculars, looking out for enemy planes. Thousands of women joined the military through organizations like the Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron (WAFS) and the Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP), the Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES), and the Women's Army Corps (WAC).
About the time World War II ended, American factories had produced 296,429 airplanes, 102,351 tanks and self-propelled guns, 372,431 artillery pieces, 47 million tons of artillery ammunitions, 87,620 warships, and 44 billion rounds of small-arms ammunition. Time magazine called America's wartime production a miracle. The "miracle" would not have happened without Rosie the Riveter.
http://teacher.scholastic.com/activities/wwii/ahf/reilly/index.htm
found this:
Overview
By Penny Colman
One of the most dramatic changes during World War II was the number of women who went to work. As the armed forces filled its ranks with manpower, industry filled its jobs with womanpower. For the duration of the war, the U.S. government and industry wooed American women to work in the war effort. The title of a song, "Rosie the Riveter," quickly became the catchphrase that represented all women war workers.
During World War II, more than six million women joined the workforce. In August 1943, Newsweek magazine reported: "They [women] are in the shipyards, lumber mills, steel mills, foundries. They are welders, electricians, mechanics, and even boilermakers. They operate streetcars, buses, cranes, and tractors. Women engineers are working in the drafting rooms and women physicists and chemists in the great industrial laboratories." More than two million women joined the war effort as clerical workers, nearly one million of whom were hired by the federal government. Women also became police officers, taxicab drivers, lawyers, statisticians, journalists, and members of symphony orchestras, as men left for the armed forces. Women ran farms, planted crops, tended animals, and harvested tons of vegetables, fruits, and grains.
Volunteers for the Civilian Defense took classes on how to care for the wounded, like these women in a first aid class in New York City in 1941. Photo Credit: Library of Congress
In addition, three million women served as Red Cross volunteers. Millions of women worked for the Civilian Defense as air-raid wardens, fire watchers messengers, drivers, auxiliary police. Women volunteers also devoted hours to scanning the sky with binoculars, looking out for enemy planes. Thousands of women joined the military through organizations like the Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron (WAFS) and the Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP), the Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES), and the Women's Army Corps (WAC).
About the time World War II ended, American factories had produced 296,429 airplanes, 102,351 tanks and self-propelled guns, 372,431 artillery pieces, 47 million tons of artillery ammunitions, 87,620 warships, and 44 billion rounds of small-arms ammunition. Time magazine called America's wartime production a miracle. The "miracle" would not have happened without Rosie the Riveter.
http://teacher.scholastic.com/activities/wwii/ahf/reilly/index.htm
BarnBuster
Virtually Unknown Member
Bobby Kennedy is assassinated 6/5/1968
Senator Robert Kennedy is shot at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles after winning the California presidential primary. Immediately after he announced to his cheering supporters that the country was ready to end its fractious divisions, Kennedy was shot several times by the 22-year-old Palestinian Sirhan Sirhan. He died a day later.
The summer of 1968 was a tempestuous time in American history. Both the Vietnam War and the anti-war movement were peaking. Martin Luther King Jr. had been assassinated in the spring, igniting riots across the country. In the face of this unrest, President Lyndon B. Johnson decided not to seek a second term in the upcoming presidential election. Robert Kennedy, John’s younger brother and former U.S. Attorney General, stepped into this breach and experienced a groundswell of support.
Kennedy was perceived by many to be the only person in American politics capable of uniting the people. He was beloved by the minority community for his integrity and devotion to the civil rights cause. After winning California’s primary, Kennedy was in the position to receive the Democratic nomination and face off against Richard Nixon in the general election.
As star athletes Rafer Johnson and Roosevelt Grier accompanied Kennedy out a rear exit of the Ambassador Hotel, Sirhan Sirhan stepped forward with a rolled up campaign poster, hiding his .22 revolver. He was only a foot away when he fired several shots at Kennedy. Grier and Johnson wrestled Sirhan to the ground, but not before five bystanders were wounded. Grier was distraught afterward and blamed himself for allowing Kennedy to be shot.
Sirhan, who was born in Palestine, confessed to the crime at his trial and received a death sentence on March 3, 1969. However, since the California State Supreme Court invalidated all death penalty sentences in 1972, Sirhan has spent the rest of his life in prison. According to the New York Times, he has since said that he believed Kennedy was “instrumental” in the oppression of Palestinians. Hubert Humphrey ended up running for the Democrats in 1968, but lost by a small margin to Nixon.
Padawanbater2
Well-Known Member
That always stuck out to me as brilliant growing up. You have an entire workforce at home, why not utilize it! It totally changed the landscape and culture of America and the rest of the world!Absolutely. My mom worked in the Bendix plant assembling instrument panel gauges for B-29's. I've heard them (the women) referred to as another of America's secret weapons when the automotive, refrigerator and typewriter factories retooled for war production.
found this:
Overview
By Penny Colman
One of the most dramatic changes during World War II was the number of women who went to work. As the armed forces filled its ranks with manpower, industry filled its jobs with womanpower. For the duration of the war, the U.S. government and industry wooed American women to work in the war effort. The title of a song, "Rosie the Riveter," quickly became the catchphrase that represented all women war workers.
During World War II, more than six million women joined the workforce. In August 1943, Newsweek magazine reported: "They [women] are in the shipyards, lumber mills, steel mills, foundries. They are welders, electricians, mechanics, and even boilermakers. They operate streetcars, buses, cranes, and tractors. Women engineers are working in the drafting rooms and women physicists and chemists in the great industrial laboratories." More than two million women joined the war effort as clerical workers, nearly one million of whom were hired by the federal government. Women also became police officers, taxicab drivers, lawyers, statisticians, journalists, and members of symphony orchestras, as men left for the armed forces. Women ran farms, planted crops, tended animals, and harvested tons of vegetables, fruits, and grains.
Volunteers for the Civilian Defense took classes on how to care for the wounded, like these women in a first aid class in New York City in 1941. Photo Credit: Library of Congress
In addition, three million women served as Red Cross volunteers. Millions of women worked for the Civilian Defense as air-raid wardens, fire watchers messengers, drivers, auxiliary police. Women volunteers also devoted hours to scanning the sky with binoculars, looking out for enemy planes. Thousands of women joined the military through organizations like the Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron (WAFS) and the Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP), the Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES), and the Women's Army Corps (WAC).
About the time World War II ended, American factories had produced 296,429 airplanes, 102,351 tanks and self-propelled guns, 372,431 artillery pieces, 47 million tons of artillery ammunitions, 87,620 warships, and 44 billion rounds of small-arms ammunition. Time magazine called America's wartime production a miracle. The "miracle" would not have happened without Rosie the Riveter.
http://teacher.scholastic.com/activities/wwii/ahf/reilly/index.htm
WW2 is an endless source of information. I find myself 20 pages deep in wikipedia all the time when I start going down that rabbit hole! Start out reading about the Thompson B.A.R., next thing you know you're wondering how the hell lead was ever implemented in bullets.. wait, how do you smelt lead?.. what's the melting temperature of lead..? ... I could probably smelt my own lead.. What's the atomic number of lead? .. How much lead would an elephant sized person have to ingest to die from lead poisoning.. .. ..
But yeah, it's amazing other powers didn't realize the female potential, especially at a time of such crisis! Is there a better argument for equal female rights than WW2?
BarnBuster
Virtually Unknown Member
Miranda (not Carmen)
On June 13, 1966, the Supreme Court hands down its decision in Miranda v. Arizona, establishing the principle that all criminal suspects must be advised of their rights before interrogation. Now considered standard police procedure, “You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can, and will, be used against you in court of law. You have the right to an attorney. If you cannot afford one, one will be appointed to you,” has been heard so many times in television and film dramas that it has become almost cliche.
The roots of the Miranda decision go back to March 2, 1963, when an 18-year-old Phoenix woman told police that she had been abducted, driven to the desert and raped. Detectives questioning her story gave her a polygraph test, but the results were inconclusive. However, tracking the license plate number of a car that resembled that of her attacker’s brought police to Ernesto Miranda, who had a prior record as a peeping tom. Although the victim did not identify Miranda in a line-up, he was brought into police custody and interrogated. What happened next is disputed, but officers left the interrogation with a confession that Miranda later recanted, unaware that he didn’t have to say anything at all.
The confession was extremely brief and differed in certain respects from the victim’s account of the crime. However, Miranda’s appointed defense attorney (who was paid a grand total of $100) didn’t call any witnesses at the ensuing trial, and Miranda was convicted. While Miranda was in Arizona state prison, the American Civil Liberties Union took up his appeal, claiming that the confession was false and coerced.
The Supreme Court overturned his conviction, but Miranda was retried and convicted in October 1966 anyway, despite the relative lack of evidence against him. Remaining in prison until 1972, Ernesto Miranda was later stabbed to death in the men’s room of a bar after a poker game in January 1976.
As a result of the case against Miranda, each and every person must now be informed of his or her rights when arrested.
The roots of the Miranda decision go back to March 2, 1963, when an 18-year-old Phoenix woman told police that she had been abducted, driven to the desert and raped. Detectives questioning her story gave her a polygraph test, but the results were inconclusive. However, tracking the license plate number of a car that resembled that of her attacker’s brought police to Ernesto Miranda, who had a prior record as a peeping tom. Although the victim did not identify Miranda in a line-up, he was brought into police custody and interrogated. What happened next is disputed, but officers left the interrogation with a confession that Miranda later recanted, unaware that he didn’t have to say anything at all.
The confession was extremely brief and differed in certain respects from the victim’s account of the crime. However, Miranda’s appointed defense attorney (who was paid a grand total of $100) didn’t call any witnesses at the ensuing trial, and Miranda was convicted. While Miranda was in Arizona state prison, the American Civil Liberties Union took up his appeal, claiming that the confession was false and coerced.
The Supreme Court overturned his conviction, but Miranda was retried and convicted in October 1966 anyway, despite the relative lack of evidence against him. Remaining in prison until 1972, Ernesto Miranda was later stabbed to death in the men’s room of a bar after a poker game in January 1976.
As a result of the case against Miranda, each and every person must now be informed of his or her rights when arrested.
BarnBuster
Virtually Unknown Member
He's Bought the Farm
The origin of this phrase is uncertain. It appears to have been founded in the 20th century and all the early references to it relate to the US military. The New York Times Magazine, March 1954, had a related phrase, in a glossary of jet pilots’ slang:
“Bought a plot, had a fatal crash.”
That clearly refers to a burial plot. The ‘bought’ in that case probably doesn’t suggest any actual or potential purchase, but to an earlier use of ‘bought’, i.e. being killed.
The following example from 1943 isn’t the earliest, but it does make the meaning explicit. It’s from Cyril Ward-Jackson’s It’s a piece of cake; or, R.A.F. slang made easy:
“He’s bought it, he is dead – that is, he has paid with his life.”
Specific references to ‘the farm’ come a little later. There are reports of the phrase being in use in the US military from 1955 onward. Here’s a citation from 1963, in Ed Miller’s Exile to the Stars:
“The police dispatcher says a plane just bought the farm.”
There are a few suggested derivations for the phrase. One, put forward in a 1955 edition of American Speech, is the idea that when a jet crashes on a farm the farmer may sue the government for compensation. That would generate a large enough amount of money to pay off the farm’s mortgage. Hence, the pilot paid for the farm with his life.
The second theory is that military men might dream of returning from the battlefront and settling down with a family to a peaceful life down on the farm. If someone were killed his colleagues might say, ‘well, he bought the farm early’, or similar. Well, yes they might, and there are numerous sentimental US films where dialogue like that wouldn’t be out of place. That’s not to say the phrase was coined that way though.
A third suggestion is the idea that, if a serviceman was killed in action, his family would receive a payout from the insurance. This would be sufficient to pay off the family mortgage.
There is another theory though:
Some say that phrase originated in the 30’s or 40’s and meant that when someone passed away, their life insurance policy was large enough that they could pay off their mortgages and “buy the farm.” A WWII pilot said that it originated from bombers in England during the war: when engine problems arose after takeoff, pilots would pull a lever that dropped all their bombs at once, often onto farms which the government would have to pay for and hence the pilot was said to have bought the farm.
It seems likely the phrase originated during WWI. If a soldier was killed the death benefit was sufficient for the surviving family members to purchase a farm. Hence, a soldier who was killed,”bought the farm.” It also might refer to the play and movie “Of Mice and Men.”. At the end of the story when George has to kill Lenny, George assures Lenny that he (George) has indeed bought the farm where they will both live happily together.
Regardless of the origin, when used in the context of wartime destruction or death, to have ‘bought the farm’ is not a pleasant prospect for the person who had to pay.
BarnBuster
Virtually Unknown Member
The Statue of Liberty
By Randy James; Time Magazine; May 12, 2009
One of the most biting ironies of Sept. 11 was that the terror attacks led fearful authorities to ban visitors from the United States' most enduring icon of freedom, the Statue of Liberty. Though the pedestal and lower observation deck re-opened in 2004, the statue itself has been off-limits since the Twin Towers fell barely two miles away. Last week Interior Secretary Ken Salazar announced that, beginning July 4, 2009, intrepid tourists would again be welcomed into the statue and up the 168 narrow, twisting steps to the crown and its breathtaking views of New York Harbor.
The copper and steel statue — formally named Liberty Enlightening the World — has been a fixture of New York City and a symbol for the nation since its dedication by President Grover Cleveland in October 1886. The 225-ton monument arrived a year earlier in 214 crates as a gift from France. Including her pedestal and foundation, Lady Liberty reaches 305 feet; her index finger measures eight feet long, tipped by a 13-inch fingernail. Designed by French sculptor Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi to celebrate the centennial of the Declaration of Independence, the statue's $250,000 tab was covered via donations, a French national lottery and a benefit concert at the Paris Opera, among other things. America, in return, was responsible for the statue's base and pedestal, to be constructed within the existing walls of Fort Wood, an Army post on what was then known as Bedloe's Island. At first, most Americans weren't fans of Lady Liberty; out-of-town newspapers and political leaders scoffed at the idea of backing a "local" New York project. Momentum began to shift as Joseph Pulitzer used his New York World to talk up the effort, prompting benefit balls, theatrical performances and donations from schoolchildren to help finish the $280,000 job. (See 10 things to do in New York.)
In addition to welcoming millions of immigrants arriving at neighboring Ellis Island (the "huddled masses yearning to breathe free," in the words of Emma Lazarus' poem, itself written as part of a Statue of Liberty fundraiser), the statue had a more immediately practical function: lighthouse. Considered a navigational aid to ships entering the harbor, the statue was first administered by the U.S Lighthouse Board before eventually falling under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service. A massive, two-year project restored and improved the statue in time for its 100th birthday in 1986, marked by a four-day extravaganza.
Sept. 11 wasn't the first foreign attack to foil the statue's visitors. For 30 years, Lady Liberty's 29-foot torch was accessible via service ladder. But early on the morning of July 30, 1916, as World War I raged in Europe, German agents attacked a waterfront munitions depot in nearby Jersey City, N.J., triggering a massive explosion that caused the equivalent of more than $2 million in damage to the statue. The torch never re-opened.
It wasn't always clear the statue's crown would one day re-open, either. The monument's designers never intended to have visitors inside, and the hot interior meets no fire codes and offers no emergency exit other than a single steep, vertigo-inducing staircase. But in the years since Sept. 11, New York's political leaders pushed relentlessly to open the crown and its 25 windows to the public. "It probably isn't completely safe to have everyone go up, in any numbers, at any time," Rep. Anthony Weiner conceded to the New York Times earlier this year. "But the Park Service is full of slightly dangerous things you can do." The Obama administration agreed. Park Rangers will allow up to 10 people at a time inside the cramped crown area, with a goal of 30 per hour. Some 150,000 are expected to visit over the first two years, but after that, would-be statue scalers will again need to be patient, as Lady Liberty closes her doors again so that more renovations can be completed.
http://www.libertyellisfoundation.org/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty
BarnBuster
Virtually Unknown Member
Battle of the Philippine Sea 6/19/1944
Having recovered from their earlier carrier losses at the Coral Sea, Midway, and the Solomons Campaign, the Japanese decided to return to the offensive in mid-1944. Initiating Operation A-Go, Admiral Soemu Toyoda, Commander-in-Chief of the Combined Fleet, committed the bulk of his surface forces to striking at the Allies.
Concentrated in Vice Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa's First Mobile Fleet, this force was centered on nine carriers (5 fleet, 4 light) and five battleships. In mid-June with American forces attacking Saipan in the Marianas, Toyoda ordered Ozawa to strike.
Steaming into the Philippine Sea, Ozawa counted on support from Vice Admiral Kakuji Kakuta's land-based planes in the Marianas which he hoped would destroy a third of the American carriers before his fleet arrived. Unknown to Ozawa, Kakuta's strength had been greatly reduced by Allied air attacks on June 11-12. Alerted to Ozawa's sailing by US submarines, Admiral Raymond Spruance, commander of the US 5th Fleet, had Vice Admiral Marc Mitscher's Task Force 58 formed near Saipan to meet the Japanese advance.
Consisting of fifteen carriers in four groups and seven fast battleships, TF-58 was intended to deal with Ozawa, while also covering the landings on Saipan. Around midnight on June 18, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, Commander-in-Chief of the US Pacific Fleet, alerted Spruance that Ozawa's main body had been located approximately 350 miles west-southwest of TF-58.
Realizing that continuing to steam west could lead to a night encounter with the Japanese, Mitscher asked permission to move just far enough west to be able to launch an air strike at dawn.
Battle of the Philippine Sea - Fighting Begins:
Concerned about being lured away from Saipan and opening the door for the Japanese slip around his flank, Spruance denied Mitscher's request stunning his subordinate and his aviators. Knowing that battle was imminent, TF-58 deployed with its battleships to the west to provide an anti-aircraft shield. Around 5:50 AM on June 19, an A6M Zero from Guam spotted TF-58 and radioed a report to Ozawa before being shot down. Operating on this information, Japanese aircraft began taking off from Guam. To meet this threat, a group of F6F Hellcat fighters was launched from USS Belleau Wood.
Arriving over Guam, they became engaged in a large aerial battle which saw 35 Japanese aircraft shot down. Fighting for over an hour, the American planes were recalled when radar reports showed inbound Japanese aircraft. These were the first wave of aircraft from Ozawa's carrier which had launched around 8:30 AM. While the Japanese had been able to make good their losses in carriers and aircraft, their pilots were green and lacked the skill and experience of their American counterparts. Consisting of 69 aircraft, the first Japanese wave was met by 220 Hellcats approximately 55 miles from the carriers.
Battle of the Philippine Sea - A Turkey Shoot:
Committing basic mistakes, the Japanese were knocked from the sky in large numbers with 41 of the 69 aircraft being shot down in less than 35 minutes. Their only success was a hit on the battleship USS South Dakota. At 11:07 AM, a second wave of Japanese aircraft appeared. Having launched shortly after the first, this group was larger and numbered 109 fighters, bombers, and torpedo bombers. Engaged 60 miles out, the Japanese lost around 70 aircraft before reaching TF-58. While they managed some near misses, they failed to score any hits. By the time the attacked ended, 97 Japanese aircraft had been downed.
A third Japanese attack of 47 aircraft was met at 1:00 PM with seven aircraft being downed. The remainder either lost their bearings or failed to press their attacks. Ozawa's final attack launched around 11:30 AM and consisted of 82 aircraft. Arriving in the area, 49 failed to spot TF-58 and continued on to Guam. The rest attacked as planned, but sustained heavy losses and failed to inflict any damage on the American ships. Arriving over Guam, the first group was attacked by Hellcats as they attempted to land at Orote. During this engagement, 30 of the 42 were shot down.
Battle of the Philippine Sea - American Strikes:
As Ozawa's aircraft were launching, his carriers were being stalked by American submarines. The first to strike was USS Albacore which fired a spread of torpedoes at the carrier Taiho. Ozawa's flagship, Taiho was hit by one which ruptured two aviation fuel tanks. A second attack came later in the day when USS Cavella struck the carrier Shokaku with four torpedoes. As Shokaku was dead in the water and sinking, a damage control error aboard Taiho led to a series of explosions which sank the ship.
Recovering his aircraft, Spruance again held off turning west in an effort to protect Saipan. Making the turn at nightfall, his search aircraft spent most of June 20 trying to locate Ozawa's ships. Finally around 4:00 PM, a scout from USS Enterprise located the enemy. Making a daring decision, Mitscher launched an attack at extreme range and with only hours remaining before sunset. Reaching the Japanese fleet, the 550 American aircraft sank two oilers and the carrier Hiyo in exchange for twenty aircraft. In addition hits were scored on the carriers Zuikaku, Junyo, and Chiyoda, as well as the battleship Haruna.
Flying home in the darkness, the attackers began to run low on fuel and many were forced to ditch. To ease their return, Mitscher daringly ordered all of the lights in the fleet turned on despite the risk of alerting enemy submarines to their position. Landing over a two-hour span, the aircraft set down wherever was easiest with many landing on the wrong ship. Despite these efforts, around 80 aircraft were lost through ditching or crashes. His air arm effectively destroyed, Ozawa was ordered to withdraw that night by Toyoda.
Battle of the Philippine Sea - Aftermath:
The Battle of the Philippine Sea cost Allied forces 123 aircraft while the Japanese lost three carriers, two oilers, and approximately 600 aircraft (around 400 carrier, 200 land-based). The devastation wrought by American pilots on June 19 led one to comment "Why, hell it was just like an old-time turkey shoot down home!” This led to the aerial fight earning the name "The Great Marianas Turkey Shoot." With the Japanese air arm crippled, their carriers only became useful as decoys and were deployed as such at the Battle of Leyte Gulf. While many criticized Spruance for not being aggressive enough, he was commended by his superiors for his performance. The next month, Admirals Ernest J. King and Chester Nimitz, commander in chief of the Pacific Fleet, visited Spruance at Saipan. Reacting to the bitter criticism Spruance was still receiving from aviators angry that he had not been more aggressive, Admiral King, the irascible chief of naval operations, pointedly told his commander, ‘Spruance, you did a damn fine job there. No matter what other people tell you, your decision was correct.’
a more detailed description here:
http://www.historynet.com/battle-of-the-philippine-sea-operation-a-go.htm
Padawanbater2
Well-Known Member
reddan1981
Well-Known Member
qwizoking
Well-Known Member
@BarnBuster
was going from latest post up..
i so called that was your post!
"that seems like something barn buster would say"
lol
was going from latest post up..
i so called that was your post!
"that seems like something barn buster would say"
lol
BarnBuster
Virtually Unknown Member
I uploaded a couple of .PDF files to a thread and wondered about the history of the format, thus...
The Creation of the PDF File
The idea for the PDF was first conceived by John Warnock, whose vision for graphics and print technology ultimately led to the authoring of the device independent page description language that, when used to print up a document, would retain the formatting, graphics and fonts seen onscreen. This scripting language was released in 1984 as Adobe PostScript. As the latest in print technology, Adobe PostScript became a productive, cost-efficient, and as a result, widely-used software.
However, in the early 1990's, Adobe further developed the scripting technology to develop a file format that would perform in the same way, both digitally and quickly, across all systems and platforms. After it's debut as "Carousel" in 1991, the format was finally introduced as PDF 1.0 the following year.
Yet, users would need a supplementary set of applications to put such a format into full use. Thus, Adobe Acrobat and Acrobat Reader were developed and, in 1993, were released to the public along with the new PostScript leveraging technology, the PDF file format. The introduction of Adobe Acrobat and Acrobat Reader was crucial to Adobe's development, as end users would soon be able to create and make PDF documents from any printable program. In addition, they could open PDF files and read PDF files with the Adobe PDF file Reader. Editing PDF files would also become important.
The Development of Adobe Acrobat and the PDF File
Over time, newer features and innovations would further improve on the already revolutionizing PDF technology Adobe had created, and make it the ubiquitous format it is today.
The format began with simple features such as internal links, bookmarks, and RGB color spaces. These were then gradually improved upon by Acrobat 3.0 (PDF 1.2) in 1994, and supported features specific to the prepress industry, such as CMYK color spaces and OPI specifications.
With this third version of Acrobat, Adobe decided to distribute the Acrobat PDF file Reader free of charge, a marketing move that proved to be a good one. Within the next two years, users would be able to open and view a robust PDF file within their web browsers for free. Combined with the booming Internet, the proliferation of email and the free distribution of Adobe Reader, the PDF became a commercial success.
In 1999 and 2001, Adobe took further steps beyond simply being a software for creating PDF files, as both Acrobat 4.0 and Acrobat 5.0 expanded on functionalities for corporate users, including features for digital signatures and tools for minor PDF file editing. Adobe's Acrobat 6.0 version of 2003 aimed at being more user-friendly with a new GUI appearance, which provided a work space that was familiar to both Windows XP and Mac OS users alike. In that same year, the "Adobe Acrobat Reader" name was changed to the more simple "Adobe Reader".
With Acrobat 7.0 and 8.0 released in 2005 and 2006, Adobe further enhanced reviewing and collaboration features that solidified the PDF as an ideal format for creating, sharing and communicating digital information across systems.
As a result of this growing use of the PDF format, PDF subset standards had to be defined through the International Standards Organization (ISO) to unify and control documentation methods that were making use of the PDF format. The PDF/A subset was written for PDF archiving in 2005, and PDF/X, for preprint exchange, was developed. With ISO certification, Adobe Systems, Inc. will remain an influential and essential presence in the world of digital documentation.
As a file format that started as an offshoot of Post Script technology, the PDF has developed and evolved in concept, design and usability. Unquestionably, it is because of Adobe's vision that the PDF has now become a file format essential to document management. With the newest versions, users can do many things with this electronic paper format such as make and create PDF files from printable Windows applications in Adobe Acrobat, and even edit PDF files. Using the free Acrobat PDF file reader, users can open and read PDF documents.
A Brief History of the PDF File
From education and graphics to publishing and finance, Adobe Systems, Inc. has produced software technologies that have been extremely valuable to users in any industry. Adobe's proprietary PDF file format is one such technology. It has become a de facto standard that caters to the way in which users interact with digital documents. Adobe developed technology that enables them to make, create, open, read and edit PDF files.The Creation of the PDF File
The idea for the PDF was first conceived by John Warnock, whose vision for graphics and print technology ultimately led to the authoring of the device independent page description language that, when used to print up a document, would retain the formatting, graphics and fonts seen onscreen. This scripting language was released in 1984 as Adobe PostScript. As the latest in print technology, Adobe PostScript became a productive, cost-efficient, and as a result, widely-used software.
However, in the early 1990's, Adobe further developed the scripting technology to develop a file format that would perform in the same way, both digitally and quickly, across all systems and platforms. After it's debut as "Carousel" in 1991, the format was finally introduced as PDF 1.0 the following year.
Yet, users would need a supplementary set of applications to put such a format into full use. Thus, Adobe Acrobat and Acrobat Reader were developed and, in 1993, were released to the public along with the new PostScript leveraging technology, the PDF file format. The introduction of Adobe Acrobat and Acrobat Reader was crucial to Adobe's development, as end users would soon be able to create and make PDF documents from any printable program. In addition, they could open PDF files and read PDF files with the Adobe PDF file Reader. Editing PDF files would also become important.
The Development of Adobe Acrobat and the PDF File
Over time, newer features and innovations would further improve on the already revolutionizing PDF technology Adobe had created, and make it the ubiquitous format it is today.
The format began with simple features such as internal links, bookmarks, and RGB color spaces. These were then gradually improved upon by Acrobat 3.0 (PDF 1.2) in 1994, and supported features specific to the prepress industry, such as CMYK color spaces and OPI specifications.
With this third version of Acrobat, Adobe decided to distribute the Acrobat PDF file Reader free of charge, a marketing move that proved to be a good one. Within the next two years, users would be able to open and view a robust PDF file within their web browsers for free. Combined with the booming Internet, the proliferation of email and the free distribution of Adobe Reader, the PDF became a commercial success.
In 1999 and 2001, Adobe took further steps beyond simply being a software for creating PDF files, as both Acrobat 4.0 and Acrobat 5.0 expanded on functionalities for corporate users, including features for digital signatures and tools for minor PDF file editing. Adobe's Acrobat 6.0 version of 2003 aimed at being more user-friendly with a new GUI appearance, which provided a work space that was familiar to both Windows XP and Mac OS users alike. In that same year, the "Adobe Acrobat Reader" name was changed to the more simple "Adobe Reader".
With Acrobat 7.0 and 8.0 released in 2005 and 2006, Adobe further enhanced reviewing and collaboration features that solidified the PDF as an ideal format for creating, sharing and communicating digital information across systems.
As a result of this growing use of the PDF format, PDF subset standards had to be defined through the International Standards Organization (ISO) to unify and control documentation methods that were making use of the PDF format. The PDF/A subset was written for PDF archiving in 2005, and PDF/X, for preprint exchange, was developed. With ISO certification, Adobe Systems, Inc. will remain an influential and essential presence in the world of digital documentation.
As a file format that started as an offshoot of Post Script technology, the PDF has developed and evolved in concept, design and usability. Unquestionably, it is because of Adobe's vision that the PDF has now become a file format essential to document management. With the newest versions, users can do many things with this electronic paper format such as make and create PDF files from printable Windows applications in Adobe Acrobat, and even edit PDF files. Using the free Acrobat PDF file reader, users can open and read PDF documents.
Padawanbater2
Well-Known Member
WWI - July 1, 1916 - The Battle of the Somme begins
"The Battle of the Somme (French: Bataille de la Somme, German: Schlacht an der Somme), also known as the Somme Offensive, was a battle of the First World War fought by the armies of the British and French empires against the German Empire. It took place between 1 July and 18 November 1916 on both sides of upper reaches of the River Somme in France. It was the largest battle of the First World War on the Western Front; more than one million men were wounded or killed, making it one of the bloodiest battles in human history."
"The Battle of the Somme (French: Bataille de la Somme, German: Schlacht an der Somme), also known as the Somme Offensive, was a battle of the First World War fought by the armies of the British and French empires against the German Empire. It took place between 1 July and 18 November 1916 on both sides of upper reaches of the River Somme in France. It was the largest battle of the First World War on the Western Front; more than one million men were wounded or killed, making it one of the bloodiest battles in human history."
BarnBuster
Virtually Unknown Member
The award known as the Purple Heart has a history that reaches back to the waning days of the American Revolution. The Continental Congress had forbidden General George Washington from granting commissions and promotions in rank to recognize merit. Yet Washington wanted to honor merit, particularly among the enlisted soldiers. On August 7, 1782, his general orders established the Badge of Military Merit:
"... The General ever desirous to cherish virtuous ambition in his soldiers, as well as to foster and encourage every species of Military merit directs whenever any singularly meritorious action is performed, the author of it shall be permitted to wear on his facings, over his left breast, the figure of a heart in purple cloth or silk edged with narrow lace or binding."
This award was open only to enlisted men and granted them the distinction of being permitted to pass all guards and sentinels as could commissioned-officers. The names of the recipients were to have been kept in a "Book of Merit" (which has never been recovered). At the present time there are three known recipients of the Badge of Military Merit: Sergeant Elijah Churchill, 2nd Continental Dragoons; Sergeant William Brown, 5th and Sergeant Daniel Bissel, 2nd Connecticut Continental Line Infantry.
Washington stated that the award was to be a permanent one, but once the Revolution ended, the Badge of Merit was all but forgotten until the 20th century.
General John J. "Blackjack" Pershing suggested a need for an award for merit in 1918, but it was not until 1932 that the Purple Heart was created in recognition of Washington's ideals and for the bicentennial of his birth. General Order No.3 announced the establishment of the award:
"...By order of the President of the United States, the Purple Heart, established by General George Washington at Newburgh, August 7, 1782, during the War of the Revolution is hereby revived out of respect to his memory and military achievements.
By order of the Secretary of War:
Douglas MacArthur
General, Chief of Staff
On May 28, 1932, 137 World War I veterans were conferred their Purple Hearts at Temple Hill, in New Windsor, NY. Temple Hill was the site of the New Windsor Cantonment, which was the final encampment of the Continental Army in the winter of 1782-1783. Today, the National Purple Heart continues the tradition begun here in 1932, of honoring those who have earned the Purple Heart.
The Purple Heart has undergone many changes with respect to the criteria for being awarded. At first, the Purple Heart was exclusively awarded to Army and Army Air Corps personnel and could not be awarded posthumously to the next of kin. In 1942, President Franklin Roosevelt signed an executive order allowing the Navy to award the Purple Heart to Sailors, Marines, and Coast Guard personnel. Also in that year, the Purple Heart was made available for posthumous award to any member of the military killed on or after December 7, 1941.
Originally the Purple Heart was awarded for meritorious service. Being wounded was considered to be one type of merit. With the creation of the Legion of Merit in 1942, the award of the Purple Heart for meritorious service became unnecessary and was therefore discontinued. The Purple Heart, per regulation is awarded in the name of the President of the United States to any member of the Armed Forces of the United States who, while serving under competent authority in any capacity with one of the U.S. Armed Services after April 5, 1917 has been wounded, killed, or has died after being wounded.
Following World War II, with the Cold War and the changing nature of warfare and military operations, additional criteria were specified to broaden availability for the Purple Heart.
November 12, 1952
Executive Order 10409 authorizes posthumous Purple Heart awards to Navy, Coast Guard or Marine Corps personnel killed on or after April 5, 1917. (The Army and the Air Force are not formally included until 1962)
April 25, 1962
Executive Order 11016 authorized civilian Purple Hearts for those under competent military authority; it also authorized posthumous awards to those killed on or after April 5, 1917 upon application by their next of kin.
February 23, 1984
Executive Order 12464 authorizes the Purple Heart to be awarded for acts of terror as well as for wounds or death resulting from US Armed Forces personnel acting as part of a peacekeeping force outside of the United States or its territories.
November 30, 1993
Purple Hearts may be awarded for wounds or death resulting from “friendly fire” (unless it from willful misconduct). US Code 10 section 1129, per PL 103-160
February 10, 1996
PL 104-106 Section 521 expands Purple Heart eligibility to POWs wounded during capture or during captivity prior to April 25, 1962. (Policy interpretations had considered, and awarded the Purple Heart, on case by case bases to POWs captured after April 25, 1962)
May 19, 1998
Effective this date, the Purple Heart is limited to American military personnel, and civilian awards are eliminated.
October 1, 2008
The Department of Defense authorizes the Purple Heart for POWs (after December 7, 1941) who subsequently die in captivity. Information is from the Memo this date to secretaries of the military departments
April 28, 2011
The Department of Defense announces a standard which allows for a more standard way to evaluate a wounded individual for a Purple Heart resulting from a "non-penetrating wound".
February 6, 2015
The Department of Defense announces that eligibility has been extended to those wounded or killed by certain kinds domestic terrorist activities
Unclebaldrick
Well-Known Member
So no TRUMP!?
The award known as the Purple Heart has a history that reaches back to the waning days of the American Revolution. The Continental Congress had forbidden General George Washington from granting commissions and promotions in rank to recognize merit. Yet Washington wanted to honor merit, particularly among the enlisted soldiers. On August 7, 1782, his general orders established the Badge of Military Merit:
"... The General ever desirous to cherish virtuous ambition in his soldiers, as well as to foster and encourage every species of Military merit directs whenever any singularly meritorious action is performed, the author of it shall be permitted to wear on his facings, over his left breast, the figure of a heart in purple cloth or silk edged with narrow lace or binding."
This award was open only to enlisted men and granted them the distinction of being permitted to pass all guards and sentinels as could commissioned-officers. The names of the recipients were to have been kept in a "Book of Merit" (which has never been recovered). At the present time there are three known recipients of the Badge of Military Merit: Sergeant Elijah Churchill, 2nd Continental Dragoons; Sergeant William Brown, 5th and Sergeant Daniel Bissel, 2nd Connecticut Continental Line Infantry.
Washington stated that the award was to be a permanent one, but once the Revolution ended, the Badge of Merit was all but forgotten until the 20th century.
General John J. "Blackjack" Pershing suggested a need for an award for merit in 1918, but it was not until 1932 that the Purple Heart was created in recognition of Washington's ideals and for the bicentennial of his birth. General Order No.3 announced the establishment of the award:
"...By order of the President of the United States, the Purple Heart, established by General George Washington at Newburgh, August 7, 1782, during the War of the Revolution is hereby revived out of respect to his memory and military achievements.
By order of the Secretary of War:
Douglas MacArthur
General, Chief of Staff
On May 28, 1932, 137 World War I veterans were conferred their Purple Hearts at Temple Hill, in New Windsor, NY. Temple Hill was the site of the New Windsor Cantonment, which was the final encampment of the Continental Army in the winter of 1782-1783. Today, the National Purple Heart continues the tradition begun here in 1932, of honoring those who have earned the Purple Heart.
The Purple Heart has undergone many changes with respect to the criteria for being awarded. At first, the Purple Heart was exclusively awarded to Army and Army Air Corps personnel and could not be awarded posthumously to the next of kin. In 1942, President Franklin Roosevelt signed an executive order allowing the Navy to award the Purple Heart to Sailors, Marines, and Coast Guard personnel. Also in that year, the Purple Heart was made available for posthumous award to any member of the military killed on or after December 7, 1941.
Originally the Purple Heart was awarded for meritorious service. Being wounded was considered to be one type of merit. With the creation of the Legion of Merit in 1942, the award of the Purple Heart for meritorious service became unnecessary and was therefore discontinued. The Purple Heart, per regulation is awarded in the name of the President of the United States to any member of the Armed Forces of the United States who, while serving under competent authority in any capacity with one of the U.S. Armed Services after April 5, 1917 has been wounded, killed, or has died after being wounded.
Following World War II, with the Cold War and the changing nature of warfare and military operations, additional criteria were specified to broaden availability for the Purple Heart.
November 12, 1952
Executive Order 10409 authorizes posthumous Purple Heart awards to Navy, Coast Guard or Marine Corps personnel killed on or after April 5, 1917. (The Army and the Air Force are not formally included until 1962)
April 25, 1962
Executive Order 11016 authorized civilian Purple Hearts for those under competent military authority; it also authorized posthumous awards to those killed on or after April 5, 1917 upon application by their next of kin.
February 23, 1984
Executive Order 12464 authorizes the Purple Heart to be awarded for acts of terror as well as for wounds or death resulting from US Armed Forces personnel acting as part of a peacekeeping force outside of the United States or its territories.
November 30, 1993
Purple Hearts may be awarded for wounds or death resulting from “friendly fire” (unless it from willful misconduct). US Code 10 section 1129, per PL 103-160
February 10, 1996
PL 104-106 Section 521 expands Purple Heart eligibility to POWs wounded during capture or during captivity prior to April 25, 1962. (Policy interpretations had considered, and awarded the Purple Heart, on case by case bases to POWs captured after April 25, 1962)
May 19, 1998
Effective this date, the Purple Heart is limited to American military personnel, and civilian awards are eliminated.
October 1, 2008
The Department of Defense authorizes the Purple Heart for POWs (after December 7, 1941) who subsequently die in captivity. Information is from the Memo this date to secretaries of the military departments
April 28, 2011
The Department of Defense announces a standard which allows for a more standard way to evaluate a wounded individual for a Purple Heart resulting from a "non-penetrating wound".
February 6, 2015
The Department of Defense announces that eligibility has been extended to those wounded or killed by certain kinds domestic terrorist activities
Unclebaldrick
Well-Known Member
The Somme sucked. I was not there but I heard some shit.WWI - July 1, 1916 - The Battle of the Somme begins
"The Battle of the Somme (French: Bataille de la Somme, German: Schlacht an der Somme), also known as the Somme Offensive, was a battle of the First World War fought by the armies of the British and French empires against the German Empire. It took place between 1 July and 18 November 1916 on both sides of upper reaches of the River Somme in France. It was the largest battle of the First World War on the Western Front; more than one million men were wounded or killed, making it one of the bloodiest battles in human history."