AP: The super spreaders behind top COVID-19 conspiracy theories

hanimmal

Well-Known Member
https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/06/07/india-misinformation-covid-19-pandemic/
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Sumitra Badrinathan is a political scientist studying misinformation at the University of Oxford’s Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.

As the covid-19 pandemic rages across the globe, India has seen some of the most catastrophic losses in the world. Images of helplessness, pain and despair have become emblematic of the crisis: overflowing crematoriums and funeral pyres, a torrent of pleas for oxygen and beds, and a health-care system in shambles.

At a time when the country reels from the compounded effects of this devastating pandemic, social media abounds with falsehoods: unscientific claims that cow urine can prevent covid-19, baseless allegations that Muslims spread the virus and unsubstantiated narratives that Western media is making up death tolls, among others. Social media groups have morphed into havens of misinformation.

Covid-19 misinformation in India appears to fall primarily into two categories: fake miracle cures, and conspiracy theories about the origin and spread of the virus. Fake cures include beliefs that home remedies such as garlic, steam inhalation or Ayurveda — an alternative medicine system with roots in traditional Indian philosophy — can cure the virus. Beliefs in miracle cures are dangerous if even a fraction of those succumbing to them ignore best practices such as social distancing. Meanwhile, conspiracy theories, including narratives that scapegoat minorities, can increase malice between social groups, paving the way for further polarization and violence.

What makes this misinformation so easy to spread and so difficult to correct? Online information in developing countries such as India is disproportionately consumed on encrypted chat-based applications such as WhatsApp. India is WhatsApp’s biggest market, and its encryption means that no one has access to read, filter and analyze text messages. This feature makes tracing the source or spread of a message close to impossible, effectively turning WhatsApp into a black hole of misinformation.

Though encryption protects privacy, it also means, critically, that fact-checking at a mass level is near impossible. The platform cannot label misinformation as false, it cannot take down incorrect messages, and it cannot identify those who create or share misinformation. As a result, the volume of misinformation in India likely always exceeds efforts to counter it.

But humans are also inherently vulnerable to misinformation. We tend to seek out information that reinforces our preferences, argue against information that contradicts those preferences and find information that fits our preexisting beliefs more convincing than information that opposes our worldview. This means that strong partisans in India may be more likely to believe stories that benefit their party, even if those stories are false. It also suggests that the desire to further political causes can lead to perceptions that any information not in line with those causes must be wrong. This inherent tendency makes the misinformation problem a particularly difficult one to address and solve.

So what can be done to correct misinformation in India? While some evidence shows that WhatsApp users correcting their peers for posting falsehoods is effective at combating misinformation, the pandemic calls for more creative solutions. One idea is to use unusual sources to fact-check fake stories. Research in the U.S. context shows unexpected sources are more effective at correcting misinformation, such as when Democrats contradict Democrats rather than when Republicans contradict Democrats. Applying this logic to India’s case would suggest, for example, that religious leaders debunking religiously motivated medical misinformation might perhaps be an effective solution.

But in the context of India, where elites themselves spread falsehoods and misinformation often stems from government-allied sources, the problem is compounded. Recently, a state governed by the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party said it would hand out the herbal medicine to covid-19 patients. When those in power are complicit in creating and spreading falsehoods, countering them is a challenging prospect. India is not just experiencing a health crisis; it is undergoing an information crisis of massive proportions. And this very misinformation, much of which has tried to convince Indians that the country’s covid-19 issues aren’t as bad as they are, may help keep the government in power through the next election.

The elite-driven spread of falsehoods in India during a disastrous pandemic underscores that the Indian government has a misinformation supply-side advantage. Come election season, this may be a problem for electoral accountability. And as India’s death count during the pandemic surpasses the 300,000 mark, the epidemic of false information that accompanies it threatens more lives. Combating misinformation in India has never been a more pressing concern.
 

hanimmal

Well-Known Member
Im happy that the American government is trying to figure out how to help people see through this propaganda.


I wish the people doing this good work the best.
 

hanimmal

Well-Known Member
https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-politics-ap-top-news-health-government-and-politics-c5c9260bc083e7e9cc0e415caa43879f
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WASHINGTON (AP) — “A disservice to the country.” “Inaccurate disinformation.” “Literally killing people.”

For months, the Biden White House refrained from criticizing Republican officials who played down the importance of coronavirus vaccinations or sought to make political hay of the federal government’s all-out effort to drive shots into arms. Not any longer.

With the COVID-19 vaccination rate plateauing across the country, the White House is returning fire at those they see as spreading harmful misinformation or fear about the shots.

When South Carolina Gov. Henry McMaster tried this week to block door-to-door efforts to drive up the vaccination rate in his state, White House press secretary Jen Psaki did not mince words in her reaction.

“The failure to provide accurate public health information, including the efficacy of vaccines and the accessibility of them to people across the country, including South Carolina, is literally killing people, so maybe they should consider that,” she said Friday.

While 67% of American adults have gotten at least one dose, officials are increasingly worried about vast geographic disparity in vaccination rates, and the emergence of what some experts warn could be two dramatically different realities for the country in the coming months: High vaccine uptake and lower caseloads in more Democratic-leaning parts of the country, and fresh hot spots and the development of dangerous variants in more GOP-leaning areas.

In the early months of the administration, the White House largely declined to criticize state and local officials’ handling of their vaccination programs, eager to maintain their buy-in and to prevent the politicization of the lifesaving campaign.

The recent change in tone comes after some GOP officials criticized President Joe Biden for calling for a door-to-door campaign to spread information about the safety and efficacy of vaccines in hopes it would encourage more people to get vaccinated.

“Now we need to go to community-by-community, neighborhood-by-neighborhood, and oftentimes, door-to-door — literally knocking on doors — to get help to the remaining people” who need to be vaccinated, Biden said Tuesday.

The grassroots component of the vaccination campaign has been in operation since April, when supplies of shots began outpacing demand. It was outlined and funded by Congress in the $1.9 trillion COVID-19 relief bill passed in March and overwhelmingly is carried out by local officials and private sector workers and volunteers.

But some in the GOP saw a political opening, catering to the party’s small-government roots and libertarian wing.

“The Biden Administration wants to knock on your door to see if you’re vaccinated,” tweeted Ohio Rep. Jim Jordan. “What’s next? Knocking on your door to see if you own a gun?”

McMaster asked his state’s health department to bar state and local health groups from “the use of the Biden Administration’s ‘targeted’ ‘door to door’ tactics.”

“A South Carolinian’s decision to get vaccinated is a personal one for them to make and not the government’s,” McMaster wrote in a letter to the department. “Enticing, coercing, intimidating, mandating, or pressuring anyone to take the vaccine is a bad policy which will deteriorate the public’s trust and confidence in the State’s vaccination efforts.”

In Missouri, meanwhile, GOP Gov. Mike Parson tweeted: “I have directed our health department to let the federal government know that sending government employees or agents door-to-door to compel vaccination would NOT be an effective OR a welcome strategy in Missouri!”

Earlier in the week, Arizona Attorney General Mark Brnovich sent a letter to Biden condemning the new strategy.

For the usually reserved Biden White House, which has long harbored private frustrations about some states’ laggard vaccination programs but refused to condemn them publicly for fear of playing up political divides in public health, it was a bridge too far.

“For those individuals, organizations that are feeding misinformation and trying to mischaracterize this type of trusted-messenger work, I believe you are doing a disservice to the country and to the doctors, the faith leaders, community leaders and others who are working to get people vaccinated, save lives and help end this pandemic,” White House COVID-19 coordinator Jeff Zients said Thursday.

Months ago, the Biden White House refrained from responding when officials criticized its vaccine allocation strategy of sending more doses directly to pharmacies instead of through state health departments after the former strategy proved more effective. It largely kept quiet as it watched officials sow fears of vaccine “passports” and assiduously avoided engaging publicly with fringe lawmakers who promoted vaccine skepticism.

The new public expression of frustration comes amid lingering disbelief that tens of millions of Americans continue to refuse to get vaccinated, needlessly extending the pandemic and costing lives, as government health officials emphasize that nearly all serious cases and deaths are now preventable.

White House officials are quick to point out that their criticism is not related to the officials’ political affiliation but to their rhetoric. They credit effective communication and leadership on the vaccines by GOP officials including Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell, Arkansas Gov. Asa Hutchinson and Ohio Gov. Mike DeWine. But they continue to be concerned that some GOP officials are seeking to boost their own fortunes by feeding into doubts about the vaccination.

Psaki on Thursday rebutted some allegations about the door-knocking program, noting that in most cases: “They are not members of the government. They are not federal government employees. They are volunteers. They are clergy. They are trusted voices in communities who are playing this role and door knocking.”

Acknowledging the rhetoric has been “a bit frustrating to us,” she also noted that there are indications the door-knocking has helped promote shots in areas lagging behind the rest of the country. “Alabama: The adult vaccination rate increased by 3.9%; 149,000 additional adults got their first dose in June,” she said, adding that Florida saw an increase of 4.4% and Georgia of 3.5%.

“This is important work that’s leading to more vaccinations,” said Zients, “and it’s done by people who care about the health of their family, friends and neighbors.”
 

hanimmal

Well-Known Member
https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-health-government-and-politics-sports-middle-east-3990ee7b4345b5bb4aeb375330d95565
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A roundup of some of the most popular but completely untrue stories and visuals of the week. None of these are legit, even though they were shared widely on social media. The Associated Press checked them out. Here are the facts:

___

Pfizer vaccine does not contain graphene oxide

CLAIM: The Pfizer coronavirus vaccine is made up of 99.9% graphene oxide, a toxic compound.

THE FACTS: Graphene oxide is not among the ingredients found in Pfizer’s COVID-19 vaccine, despite alarmist claims to the contrary on social media.

Videos spreading widely on Instagram and Twitter on Thursday touted a report from Spain that allegedly claimed to find graphene oxide — a material made by oxidizing graphite — in a vial of the Pfizer shot. “There’s no other reason for this to be in here except to murder people,” said a woman in one of the videos. The woman also baselessly claimed the compound would cause an inflammatory immune reaction called a cytokine storm in people who got the vaccine.

In reality, there’s no graphene oxide in the Pfizer vaccine, according to the ingredient list and Kit Longley, senior manager of science media relations at Pfizer. There’s also no evidence to suggest the Pfizer vaccine would cause a cytokine storm, Longley said. The coronavirus itself, however, has caused this type of immune response in some patients. Chemical and medical experts who are not associated with Pfizer confirmed to The Associated Press that there is no way graphene oxide would be found in the vaccine.

“It is not in the ingredient list and there is no way it could be present,” said Allen Myerson, a professor of chemical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

“Utter nonsense,” said Dr. Paul Offit, a vaccine expert at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia.

There has been research on potentially using graphene oxide in other vaccines, but the amounts would not be toxic to human cells, according to Johns Hopkins infectious disease specialist Dr. Amesh Adalja. The report cited in some of the viral posts lists Spain’s University of Almeria on its title page, and appears to be written by a professor at the university.

The university has said it was not involved in research indicating the presence of graphene in the vaccine. The university added in a statement that it supports vaccines and disavows the conclusions of the professor’s unofficial report. The report has not been peer reviewed and is not published in a scientific journal. It includes a disclaimer that its findings do not represent any institutional position of the university.

___

Meme misleads about delta variant of the coronavirus

CLAIM: The delta variant of the coronavirus is fake.

THE FACTS: A widely circulating Facebook post denying the existence of the coronavirus delta variant ignores science and the reality that the highly contagious variant has spread rapidly across the globe.

The post is a meme featuring former President Donald Trump holding up an executive order he signed in 2017. In place of the executive order text are the words, “The Delta Variant Is Fake News.”

Commenters on the post accused Democrats of making up the delta variant to “keep the pot stirred up” and “keep everyone living in fear.”

In fact, nonpartisan scientists and health officials worldwide have acknowledged the existence of the delta variant, a version of the virus that experts say spreads more easily than other variants because of mutations that make it better at latching onto cells in our bodies.

The variant, which is named after the fourth letter in the Greek alphabet, has been identified in more than 90 countries since it was first detected in India. Studies have shown that full doses of the available vaccines protect against variants, including the delta variant. The delta variant poses the most danger in places where vaccinations are sparse. In Africa, for example, coronavirus cases are rising faster than ever before, partially driven by the mutation, according to the World Health Organization.
 

hanimmal

Well-Known Member


After thinking about it, maybe the Republicans are trying to keep their cult members unvaccinated so that their 'liberal' family members that have gotten vaccinated don't feel safe visiting. Because nobody wants to be the cause of their family getting sick and possibly dying. Thus helping to keep their information bubbles from being popped.
 
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hanimmal

Well-Known Member

hanimmal

Well-Known Member
Before the Death cult trolls start their Henny Penny'ing about this, 100 people out of 13 million doses developed this reaction.
https://apnews.com/article/business-science-health-coronavirus-pandemic-coronavirus-vaccine-8c7e69806af9b0fe3b158382b2f57c4f
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WASHINGTON (AP) — U.S. regulators on Monday added a new warning to Johnson & Johnson’s COVID-19 vaccine about links to a rare and potentially dangerous neurological reaction, but said it’s not entirely clear the shot caused the problem.

The Food and Drug Administration announced the new warning, flagging reports of Guillain-Barre syndrome, an immune system disorder that can causes muscle weakness and occasionally paralysis. Health officials described the side effect as a “small possible risk” for those getting the shot.

The action comes after the FDA and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reviewed reports of about 100 people developing the syndrome after receiving the one-dose vaccine. Almost all of were hospitalized and one person died, the FDA said.

Guillain-Barre syndrome occurs when the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks some of its nerve cells, causing muscle weakness and sometimes paralysis that typically is temporary. An estimated 3,000 to 6,000 people develop the syndrome each year, according to the CDC.

The number of cases reported in connection with J&J’s vaccine represents a tiny fraction of the nearly 13 million Americans who have received the one-dose shot. Most cases were reported in men — many 50 years old and up — and usually about two weeks after vaccination.

J&J said in a statement it has been discussing the reports with the FDA and other health regulators around the world.

The CDC said it would ask its panel of outside vaccine experts to review the issue at an upcoming meeting.

The government said the vaccines most used in the U.S., made by Pfizer and Moderna, show no risk of the disorder after more than 320 million doses have been administered.

The new warning will be included in pamphlets given to people getting the J&J shot. They should seek medical attention if they experience any symptoms, which include tingling sensations, trouble walking and double vision, the FDA said.

Vaccines historically provide broad protection with little risk but come with occasional side effects just like other drugs and medical therapies. The three COVID-19 vaccines used in the U.S. were each tested in tens of thousands of people, but even such huge studies can’t rule out extremely rare side effects.

The CDC and the FDA have been monitoring side effect reports submitted by physicians, drugmakers and patients to a federal vaccine safety database.

Guillain-Barre can be triggered by a number of infections, including flu, cytomegalovirus and Zika virus. But there have been rare cases in which people develop the disorder days or weeks after receiving certain vaccines.

J&J’s vaccine was highly anticipated because of its one-and-done formulation and easy-to-ship refrigeration. But early on, it was linked to another rare risk, of blood clots, and the company hasn’t been able to produce as much as expected because of problems at a Baltimore factory that helps make the shots.
 

DIY-HP-LED

Well-Known Member
Obesity related illness kills more people than even the most laughably inflated covid death numbers.

Would it be a good idea to tax people to pay for an army of fat police to go door to door to measure body mass and search for secret stashes of twinkies?
Getting old increases healthcare costs too. Sending everybody a few masks in the mail and a public health visit from community volunteers is a good idea too, it helps get vaccination rates up.

When the mRNA vaccines come out of EUS soon, healthcare insurance companies and employers will require vaccination, as will schools and colleges. Most employers who require vaccinations have 99% compliance, as we've seen in the news. Because of the way the US healthcare system is setup, private means of persuasion will be used and I expect America to have a very high vaccination rate by fall. Here in Canada we should hit 90% vaccinated by fall voluntarily, and I expect with arm twisting, the rate will be the same in the states.

When the mRNA vaccines come out of EUS, it will change things in America the most and let the "free market" loose on yer asses. Stupidity will become a preexisting condition and healthcare insurance companies won't pay for stupidity for long. Any employer who pays for employee healthcare will require vaccination for that reason alone, but there will be plenty of other reasons to require it too. It will be the same for schools and universities and they currently require vaccinations for other things.
 

Rob Roy

Well-Known Member
Getting old increases healthcare costs too. Sending everybody a few masks in the mail and a public health visit from community volunteers is a good idea too, it helps get vaccination rates up.

When the mRNA vaccines come out of EUS soon, healthcare insurance companies and employers will require vaccination, as will schools and colleges. Most employers who require vaccinations have 99% compliance, as we've seen in the news. Because of the way the US healthcare system is setup, private means of persuasion will be used and I expect America to have a very high vaccination rate by fall. Here in Canada we should hit 90% vaccinated by fall voluntarily, and I expect with arm twisting, the rate will be the same in the states.

When the mRNA vaccines come out of EUS, it will change things in America the most and let the "free market" loose on yer asses. Stupidity will become a preexisting condition and healthcare insurance companies won't pay for stupidity for long. Any employer who pays for employee healthcare will require vaccination for that reason alone, but there will be plenty of other reasons to require it too. It will be the same for schools and universities and they currently require vaccinations for other things.
I'm trying to comprehend your gibberish. Please help me out.

You favor a controlled market where other people force their choices on you rather than being allowed to make your own decisions ?

I'm not sure you know what an actual free market is.
 

DIY-HP-LED

Well-Known Member
I'm trying to comprehend your gibberish. Please help me out.

You favor a controlled market where other people force their choices on you rather than being allowed to make your own decisions ?

I'm not sure you know what an actual free market is.
The government ain't the only one limiting your choices, the free market does it too, health insurance companies are not going to pay for stupidity and neither are most companies who pay for employee healthcare. Schools and colleges require vaccination now and when the covid EUS ends, it will be just like all the other ones they require.

The real word data has been coming in for the mRNA vaccines and EUS, Emergency Use Statues will end this summer or fall, at least for the mRNA vaccines, then the free market will be free to act, the 80% of people who believe in vaccines can have more of a say in the matter, more freedom.

Pfizer Seeks Full FDA Approval For COVID-19 Vaccine : Coronavirus Updates : NPR
 
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printer

Well-Known Member
I won't go through the trouble of going through this article as it is basically the same as the Vanity Fair article I replied to.

The Lab-Leak Theory: Inside the Fight to Uncover COVID-19’s Origins

"An institute “funded by American dollars is trying to teach a bat virus to infect human cells, then there is a virus” in the same city as that lab."


"not to say anything that would point to the U.S. government’s own role in gain-of-function research"

The North Carolina research is easy for Google to pull up. I found it almost a year ago and it was in Nature magazine among others. The paper said they 'conducting gain-of-function experiments' and that the question of whether they should was in the paper.The gain of function research has to do to putting the spike protein into the virus.


"The paper offered an answer: “We screened the area around the seafood market and identified two laboratories conducting research on bat coronavirus.” The first was the Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, which sat just 280 meters from the Huanan market and had been known to collect hundreds of bat samples. The second, the researchers wrote, was the Wuhan Institute of Virology."

There are eight Centers for Disease Control within the Huanan Market area, the Level 4 lab is 17 miles away. Not to say that a person at the close lab could not have done research at the L4 lab and infected themselves and then another day went to the market. But the three people that worked at the lab and went to hospital preceding the outbreak worked at the L4 lab. Still, not to say they could not have infected someone at the closer lab or that one of the three visited the market.

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" As they combed open sources as well as classified information, the team’s members soon stumbled on a 2015 research paper by Shi Zhengli and the University of North Carolina epidemiologist Ralph Baric proving that the spike protein of a novel coronavirus could infect human cells. Using mice as subjects, they inserted the protein from a Chinese rufous horseshoe bat into the molecular structure of the SARS virus from 2002, creating a new, infectious pathogen."

Shi Zhengli the 'Bat Lady' only supplied the bat virus samples. All research was done in the US, she had no further input from what I have read in the published paper.
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" In 2018, a delegation of American diplomats visited the WIV for the opening of its BSL-4 laboratory, a major event. In an unclassified cable, as a Washington Post columnist reported, they wrote that a shortage of highly trained technicians and clear protocols threatened the facility’s safe operations."

I would be surprised if the Chinese gave them a list of all the technicians.
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"Using the gene-editing technology known as CRISPR, the researchers had engineered mice with humanized lungs, then studied their susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2".

Well it would make sense the Chinese engineer the mice. SARS was contracted through the lungs. Also the reason they were studying bat viruses is because the world realized they are a danger.
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"Alina Chan, a young molecular biologist and postdoctoral fellow at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, found that early sequences of the virus showed very little evidence of mutation. Had the virus jumped from animals to humans, one would expect to see numerous adaptations, as was true in the 2002 SARS outbreak. To Chan, it appeared that SARS-CoV-2 was already “pre-adapted to human transmission,” she wrote in a preprint paper in May 2020."

I have a paper later on that says the virus was not 'pre-adapted' to humans. Similar virus has been found in other animals. Also the virus has jumped from humans, to minks and back to humans in the Netherlands.

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"On February 3, 2020, with the COVID-19 outbreak already spreading beyond China, Shi Zhengli and several colleagues published a paper noting that the SARS-CoV-2 virus’s genetic code was almost 80% identical to that of SARS-CoV, which caused the 2002 outbreak. But they also reported that it was 96.2% identical to a coronavirus sequence in their possession called RaTG13, which was previously detected in “Yunnan province.” They concluded that RaTG13 was the closest known relative to SARS-CoV-2."

"RaTG13 appeared identical to RaBtCoV/4991—the virus from the cave where the miners fell ill in 2012 with what looked like COVID-19."

Hard for them to explain this one, "Oh, we renamed it."

---------------------------------
Ran into a 1000 word limit, continued below.
 

printer

Well-Known Member
Gain of function.

"Those in favor claimed it could help prevent pandemics, by highlighting potential risks and accelerating vaccine development. Critics argued that creating pathogens that didn’t exist in nature ran the risk of unleashing them."

“If you ban gain-of-function research, you ban all of virology.” He added, “Ever since the moratorium, everyone’s gone wink-wink and just done gain-of-function research anyway.”

"But conspiracy-minded conservatives weren’t the only ones looking askance at Daszak. Ebright likened Daszak’s model of research—bringing samples from a remote area to an urban one, then sequencing and growing viruses and attempting to genetically modify them to make them more virulent—to “looking for a gas leak with a lighted match.” Moreover, Ebright believed that Daszak’s research had failed in its stated purpose of predicting and preventing pandemics through its global collaborations."

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"But a former national security official who reviewed U.S. classified materials told Vanity Fair that inside the WIV, military and civilian researchers are “doing animal research in the same fricking space.”

Without any proof the official could have said whatever they wanted to advance a certain narrative.
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"The inflammatory idea of SARS-CoV-2-as-bioweapon has gained traction as an alt-right conspiracy theory, but civilian research under Shi’s supervision that has yet to be made public raises more realistic concerns. Shi’s own comments to a science journal, and grant information available on a Chinese government database, suggest that in the past three years her team has tested two novel but undisclosed bat coronaviruses on humanized mice, to gauge their infectiousness."

But that is the purpose of the covid/sars research. To see if there are threats to humans.

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"The ground began to shift on May 2, when Nicholas Wade, a former New York Times science writer known in part for writing a controversial book about how genes shape the social behavior of different races, published a lengthy essay on Medium. In it, he analyzed the scientific clues both for and against a lab leak, and excoriated the media for its failure to report on the dueling hypotheses. Wade devoted a full section to the “furin cleavage site,” a distinctive segment of SARS-CoV-2’s genetic code that makes the virus more infectious by allowing it to efficiently enter human cells.
Within the scientific community, one thing leapt off the page. Wade quoted one of the world’s most famous microbiologists, Dr. David Baltimore, saying that he believed the furin cleavage site “was the smoking gun for the origin of the virus.” Baltimore, a Nobel Laureate and pioneer in molecular biology, was about as far from Steve Bannon and the conspiracy theorists as it was possible to get. His judgment, that the furin cleavage site raised the prospect of gene manipulation, had to be taken seriously."

----------------------------------------------

The miners contracting a disease like it and the renaming the virus looks bad. I could see it accidentally infecting someone and it getting out. But the thing most have been making a big deal of is the gain of function experiments, that the virus is man-made. This paper blows that away, that the spike protein is natural and found in nature.


Spike protein sequences of Cambodian, Thai and Japanese bat sarbecoviruses provide insights into the natural evolution of the Receptor Binding Domain and S1/S2 cleavage site


https://virological.org/t/spike-protein-sequences-of-cambodian-thai-and-japanese-bat-sarbecoviruses-provide-insights-into-the-natural-evolution-of-the-receptor-binding-domain-and-s1-s2-cleavage-site/622

While close relatives of SARS-CoV have been identified in bats, civets and other animals (Li, 2008), the immediate progenitor of SARS-CoV-2 is unknown. The bat coronavirus RaTG13 genome was sequenced from a sample from a Rhinolophus affinis captured at Mojiang cave in Yunnan province, China in 2013 . RaTG13 remains the virus with the highest overall sequence similarity to SARS-CoV-2, although because of frequent recombination patterns of sequence similarity vary across the genome. Recently, new sarbecoviruses have been sequenced from bats sampled in Cambodia, Thailand and Japan. Here, we reveal more of the natural evolution of sarbecoviruses by analyzing the spike protein sequences of these viruses. We also discuss some implications of these new sequences for understanding the proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. (I took out the references)

Still more than 1000 characters!
 
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