Sumitra Badrinathan is a political scientist studying misinformation at the University of Oxford’s Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.
As the covid-19 pandemic rages across the globe, India has seen some of the most catastrophic losses in the world. Images of helplessness, pain and despair have become emblematic of the crisis: overflowing crematoriums and funeral pyres, a torrent of pleas for oxygen and beds, and a health-care system in shambles.
At a time when the country reels from the compounded effects of this devastating pandemic, social media abounds with falsehoods: unscientific claims that cow urine can prevent covid-19, baseless allegations that Muslims spread the virus and unsubstantiated narratives that Western media is making up death tolls, among others. Social media groups have morphed into havens of misinformation.
Covid-19 misinformation in India appears to fall primarily into two categories: fake miracle cures, and conspiracy theories about the origin and spread of the virus. Fake cures include beliefs that home remedies such as garlic, steam inhalation or Ayurveda — an alternative medicine system with roots in traditional Indian philosophy — can cure the virus. Beliefs in miracle cures are dangerous if even a fraction of those succumbing to them ignore best practices such as social distancing. Meanwhile, conspiracy theories, including narratives that scapegoat minorities, can increase malice between social groups, paving the way for further polarization and violence.
What makes this misinformation so easy to spread and so difficult to correct? Online information in developing countries such as India is disproportionately consumed on encrypted chat-based applications such as WhatsApp. India is WhatsApp’s biggest market, and its encryption means that no one has access to read, filter and analyze text messages. This feature makes tracing the source or spread of a message close to impossible, effectively turning WhatsApp into a black hole of misinformation.
Though encryption protects privacy, it also means, critically, that fact-checking at a mass level is near impossible. The platform cannot label misinformation as false, it cannot take down incorrect messages, and it cannot identify those who create or share misinformation. As a result, the volume of misinformation in India likely always exceeds efforts to counter it.
But humans are also inherently vulnerable to misinformation. We tend to seek out information that reinforces our preferences, argue against information that contradicts those preferences and find information that fits our preexisting beliefs more convincing than information that opposes our worldview. This means that strong partisans in India may be more likely to believe stories that benefit their party, even if those stories are false. It also suggests that the desire to further political causes can lead to perceptions that any information not in line with those causes must be wrong. This inherent tendency makes the misinformation problem a particularly difficult one to address and solve.
So what can be done to correct misinformation in India? While some evidence shows that WhatsApp users correcting their peers for posting falsehoods is effective at combating misinformation, the pandemic calls for more creative solutions. One idea is to use unusual sources to fact-check fake stories. Research in the U.S. context shows unexpected sources are more effective at correcting misinformation, such as when Democrats contradict Democrats rather than when Republicans contradict Democrats. Applying this logic to India’s case would suggest, for example, that religious leaders debunking religiously motivated medical misinformation might perhaps be an effective solution.
But in the context of India, where elites themselves spread falsehoods and misinformation often stems from government-allied sources, the problem is compounded. Recently, a state governed by the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party said it would hand out the herbal medicine to covid-19 patients. When those in power are complicit in creating and spreading falsehoods, countering them is a challenging prospect. India is not just experiencing a health crisis; it is undergoing an information crisis of massive proportions. And this very misinformation, much of which has tried to convince Indians that the country’s covid-19 issues aren’t as bad as they are, may help keep the government in power through the next election.
The elite-driven spread of falsehoods in India during a disastrous pandemic underscores that the Indian government has a misinformation supply-side advantage. Come election season, this may be a problem for electoral accountability. And as India’s death count during the pandemic surpasses the 300,000 mark, the epidemic of false information that accompanies it threatens more lives. Combating misinformation in India has never been a more pressing concern.
WASHINGTON (AP) — “A disservice to the country.” “Inaccurate disinformation.” “Literally killing people.”
For months, the Biden White House refrained from criticizing Republican officials who played down the importance of coronavirus vaccinations or sought to make political hay of the federal government’s all-out effort to drive shots into arms. Not any longer.
With the COVID-19 vaccination rate plateauing across the country, the White House is returning fire at those they see as spreading harmful misinformation or fear about the shots.
When South Carolina Gov. Henry McMaster tried this week to block door-to-door efforts to drive up the vaccination rate in his state, White House press secretary Jen Psaki did not mince words in her reaction.
“The failure to provide accurate public health information, including the efficacy of vaccines and the accessibility of them to people across the country, including South Carolina, is literally killing people, so maybe they should consider that,” she said Friday.
While 67% of American adults have gotten at least one dose, officials are increasingly worried about vast geographic disparity in vaccination rates, and the emergence of what some experts warn could be two dramatically different realities for the country in the coming months: High vaccine uptake and lower caseloads in more Democratic-leaning parts of the country, and fresh hot spots and the development of dangerous variants in more GOP-leaning areas.
In the early months of the administration, the White House largely declined to criticize state and local officials’ handling of their vaccination programs, eager to maintain their buy-in and to prevent the politicization of the lifesaving campaign.
The recent change in tone comes after some GOP officials criticized President Joe Biden for calling for a door-to-door campaign to spread information about the safety and efficacy of vaccines in hopes it would encourage more people to get vaccinated.
“Now we need to go to community-by-community, neighborhood-by-neighborhood, and oftentimes, door-to-door — literally knocking on doors — to get help to the remaining people” who need to be vaccinated, Biden said Tuesday.
The grassroots component of the vaccination campaign has been in operation since April, when supplies of shots began outpacing demand. It was outlined and funded by Congress in the $1.9 trillion COVID-19 relief bill passed in March and overwhelmingly is carried out by local officials and private sector workers and volunteers.
But some in the GOP saw a political opening, catering to the party’s small-government roots and libertarian wing.
“The Biden Administration wants to knock on your door to see if you’re vaccinated,” tweeted Ohio Rep. Jim Jordan. “What’s next? Knocking on your door to see if you own a gun?”
McMaster asked his state’s health department to bar state and local health groups from “the use of the Biden Administration’s ‘targeted’ ‘door to door’ tactics.”
“A South Carolinian’s decision to get vaccinated is a personal one for them to make and not the government’s,” McMaster wrote in a letter to the department. “Enticing, coercing, intimidating, mandating, or pressuring anyone to take the vaccine is a bad policy which will deteriorate the public’s trust and confidence in the State’s vaccination efforts.”
In Missouri, meanwhile, GOP Gov. Mike Parson tweeted: “I have directed our health department to let the federal government know that sending government employees or agents door-to-door to compel vaccination would NOT be an effective OR a welcome strategy in Missouri!”
Earlier in the week, Arizona Attorney General Mark Brnovich sent a letter to Biden condemning the new strategy.
For the usually reserved Biden White House, which has long harbored private frustrations about some states’ laggard vaccination programs but refused to condemn them publicly for fear of playing up political divides in public health, it was a bridge too far.
“For those individuals, organizations that are feeding misinformation and trying to mischaracterize this type of trusted-messenger work, I believe you are doing a disservice to the country and to the doctors, the faith leaders, community leaders and others who are working to get people vaccinated, save lives and help end this pandemic,” White House COVID-19 coordinator Jeff Zients said Thursday.
Months ago, the Biden White House refrained from responding when officials criticized its vaccine allocation strategy of sending more doses directly to pharmacies instead of through state health departments after the former strategy proved more effective. It largely kept quiet as it watched officials sow fears of vaccine “passports” and assiduously avoided engaging publicly with fringe lawmakers who promoted vaccine skepticism.
The new public expression of frustration comes amid lingering disbelief that tens of millions of Americans continue to refuse to get vaccinated, needlessly extending the pandemic and costing lives, as government health officials emphasize that nearly all serious cases and deaths are now preventable.
White House officials are quick to point out that their criticism is not related to the officials’ political affiliation but to their rhetoric. They credit effective communication and leadership on the vaccines by GOP officials including Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell, Arkansas Gov. Asa Hutchinson and Ohio Gov. Mike DeWine. But they continue to be concerned that some GOP officials are seeking to boost their own fortunes by feeding into doubts about the vaccination.
Psaki on Thursday rebutted some allegations about the door-knocking program, noting that in most cases: “They are not members of the government. They are not federal government employees. They are volunteers. They are clergy. They are trusted voices in communities who are playing this role and door knocking.”
Acknowledging the rhetoric has been “a bit frustrating to us,” she also noted that there are indications the door-knocking has helped promote shots in areas lagging behind the rest of the country. “Alabama: The adult vaccination rate increased by 3.9%; 149,000 additional adults got their first dose in June,” she said, adding that Florida saw an increase of 4.4% and Georgia of 3.5%.
“This is important work that’s leading to more vaccinations,” said Zients, “and it’s done by people who care about the health of their family, friends and neighbors.”
@curious2garden has the perfect response to death cult troll.
WASHINGTON (AP) — U.S. regulators on Monday added a new warning to Johnson & Johnson’s COVID-19 vaccine about links to a rare and potentially dangerous neurological reaction, but said it’s not entirely clear the shot caused the problem.
The Food and Drug Administration announced the new warning, flagging reports of Guillain-Barre syndrome, an immune system disorder that can causes muscle weakness and occasionally paralysis. Health officials described the side effect as a “small possible risk” for those getting the shot.
The action comes after the FDA and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reviewed reports of about 100 people developing the syndrome after receiving the one-dose vaccine. Almost all of were hospitalized and one person died, the FDA said.
Guillain-Barre syndrome occurs when the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks some of its nerve cells, causing muscle weakness and sometimes paralysis that typically is temporary. An estimated 3,000 to 6,000 people develop the syndrome each year, according to the CDC.
The number of cases reported in connection with J&J’s vaccine represents a tiny fraction of the nearly 13 million Americans who have received the one-dose shot. Most cases were reported in men — many 50 years old and up — and usually about two weeks after vaccination.
J&J said in a statement it has been discussing the reports with the FDA and other health regulators around the world.
The CDC said it would ask its panel of outside vaccine experts to review the issue at an upcoming meeting.
The government said the vaccines most used in the U.S., made by Pfizer and Moderna, show no risk of the disorder after more than 320 million doses have been administered.
The new warning will be included in pamphlets given to people getting the J&J shot. They should seek medical attention if they experience any symptoms, which include tingling sensations, trouble walking and double vision, the FDA said.
Vaccines historically provide broad protection with little risk but come with occasional side effects just like other drugs and medical therapies. The three COVID-19 vaccines used in the U.S. were each tested in tens of thousands of people, but even such huge studies can’t rule out extremely rare side effects.
The CDC and the FDA have been monitoring side effect reports submitted by physicians, drugmakers and patients to a federal vaccine safety database.
Guillain-Barre can be triggered by a number of infections, including flu, cytomegalovirus and Zika virus. But there have been rare cases in which people develop the disorder days or weeks after receiving certain vaccines.
J&J’s vaccine was highly anticipated because of its one-and-done formulation and easy-to-ship refrigeration. But early on, it was linked to another rare risk, of blood clots, and the company hasn’t been able to produce as much as expected because of problems at a Baltimore factory that helps make the shots.
Obesity related illness kills more people than even the most laughably inflated covid death numbers.
Getting old increases healthcare costs too. Sending everybody a few masks in the mail and a public health visit from community volunteers is a good idea too, it helps get vaccination rates up.Obesity related illness kills more people than even the most laughably inflated covid death numbers.
Would it be a good idea to tax people to pay for an army of fat police to go door to door to measure body mass and search for secret stashes of twinkies?
I'm trying to comprehend your gibberish. Please help me out.Getting old increases healthcare costs too. Sending everybody a few masks in the mail and a public health visit from community volunteers is a good idea too, it helps get vaccination rates up.
When the mRNA vaccines come out of EUS soon, healthcare insurance companies and employers will require vaccination, as will schools and colleges. Most employers who require vaccinations have 99% compliance, as we've seen in the news. Because of the way the US healthcare system is setup, private means of persuasion will be used and I expect America to have a very high vaccination rate by fall. Here in Canada we should hit 90% vaccinated by fall voluntarily, and I expect with arm twisting, the rate will be the same in the states.
When the mRNA vaccines come out of EUS, it will change things in America the most and let the "free market" loose on yer asses. Stupidity will become a preexisting condition and healthcare insurance companies won't pay for stupidity for long. Any employer who pays for employee healthcare will require vaccination for that reason alone, but there will be plenty of other reasons to require it too. It will be the same for schools and universities and they currently require vaccinations for other things.
They should start growing. Best hobby in the world.Who has time for all that sign making, costumes and protesting? Those people need a new hobby.
The government ain't the only one limiting your choices, the free market does it too, health insurance companies are not going to pay for stupidity and neither are most companies who pay for employee healthcare. Schools and colleges require vaccination now and when the covid EUS ends, it will be just like all the other ones they require.I'm trying to comprehend your gibberish. Please help me out.
You favor a controlled market where other people force their choices on you rather than being allowed to make your own decisions ?
I'm not sure you know what an actual free market is.
I won't go through the trouble of going through this article as it is basically the same as the Vanity Fair article I replied to.Origin of Covid — Following the Clues
The Covid-19 pandemic has disrupted lives the world over for more than a year. Its death toll will soon reach three million people. Yet the origin of pandemic remains uncertain: the political agendas…nicholaswade.medium.com