[h=1]Metal theft[/h] From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with Medal theft.
A plaque on Eliot Memorial Bridge, Great Blue Hill, Milton, Massachusetts, an apparent target of metal theft.
Metal theft is "the theft of items for the value of their constituent metals".[SUP][1][/SUP] It usually increases when worldwide prices for scrap metal rise, as has happened dramatically due to rapid industrialization in India and China. Apart from precious metals like gold and silver, the metals most commonly stolen are non-ferrous metals such as copper, aluminium, brass, and bronze. However, even cast iron and steel are now being taken owing to prices as scrap. [SUP][2][/SUP][SUP][3][/SUP]
One defining characteristic of metal theft is the motivation. Whereas other items are generally stolen for their extrinsic value, items with metal are stolen for their intrinsic value as raw material or commodities. Theft often have negative consequences much higher than the metal value, for example destroying valuable statues, causing long power interruptions or disrupting railway traffic.
[HR][/HR][h=1]Julius Popper[/h] From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Julius Popper (December 15, 1857 June 5, 1893) was a Romanian-born Argentine engineer, adventurer and explorer.[SUP][1][/SUP] He is responsible for the modern outline of the city of Havana, Cuba.[SUP][2][/SUP] As a "conquistador" of Tierra del Fuego in southern South America, he was a controversial but influential figure. He was responsible for the genocide of native Selknam people.
[HR][/HR]
[h=1]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention[/h] From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the national public health institute of the United States. The CDC is a federal agency under the Department of Health and Human Services and is headquartered in Druid Hills, unincorporated DeKalb County, Georgia, in Greater Atlanta.[SUP][1][/SUP][SUP][2][/SUP][SUP][3][/SUP] Its main goal is to protect public health and safety through the control and prevention of disease, injury, and disability. The CDC focuses national attention on developing and applying disease control and prevention. It especially focuses its attention on infectious disease, food borne pathogens, environmental health, occupational safety and health, health promotion, injury prevention and educational activities designed to improve the health of United States citizens. In addition, the CDC researches and provides information on non-infectious diseases such as obesity and diabetes and is a founding member of the International Association of National Public Health Institutes.
[HR][/HR][h=1]Passenger name record[/h] From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from PNR)
Jump to: navigation, search
"PNR" redirects here. For other uses, see PNR (disambiguation).
In the airline and travel industries, a passenger name record (PNR) is a record in the database of a computer reservation system (CRS) that contains the itinerary for a passenger, or a group of passengers travelling together. The concept of a PNR was first introduced by airlines that needed to exchange reservation information in case passengers required flights of multiple airlines to reach their destination (interlining). For this purpose, IATA and ATA have defined standards for interline messaging of PNR and other data through the "ATA/IATA Reservations Interline Message Procedures - Passenger" (AIRIMP). There is no general industry standard for the layout and content of a PNR. In practice, each CRS or hosting system has its own proprietary standards, although common industry needs, including the need to map PNR data easily to AIRIMP messages, has resulted in many general similarities in data content and format between all of the major systems.
When a passenger books an itinerary, the travel agent or travel website user will create a PNR in the computer reservation system it uses. This is typically one of the large Global Distribution Systems, such as Amadeus, Sabre, Worldspan or Galileo, but if the booking is made directly with an airline the PNR can also be in the database of the airlines CRS. This PNR is called the Master PNR for the passenger and the associated itinerary. The PNR is identified in the particular database by a record locator.
When portions of the travel are not provided by the holder of the Master PNR, then copies of the PNR information are sent to the CRSes of the airlines that will be providing transportation. These CRSes will open copies of the original PNR in their own database to manage the portion of the itinerary for which they are responsible. Many airlines have their CRS hosted by one of the GDSes, which allows sharing of the PNR.
The record locators of the copied PNRs are communicated back to the CRS that owns the Master PNR, so all records remain tied together. This allows exchanging updates of the PNR when the status of trip changes in any of the CRSes.
Although PNRs were originally introduced for air travel, airlines systems can now also being used for bookings of hotels, car rental, airport transfers, and train trips.
[HR][/HR][h=1]Rail transport[/h] From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Railways)
Jump to: navigation, search
"Railway" and "Railroad" redirect here. For other uses, see Railway (disambiguation).
Four BNSF GE C44-9W diesel locomotives hauling a mixed freight train along the banks of the Columbia River, between Kennewick and Wishram, Washington State, USA
Rail transport is a means of conveyance of passengers and goods, by way of wheeled vehicles running on rails. It is also commonly referred to as train transport. In contrast to road transport, where vehicles merely run on a prepared surface, rail vehicles are also directionally guided by the tracks on which they run. Track usually consists of steel rails installed on sleepers/ties and ballast, on which the rolling stock, usually fitted with metal wheels, moves. However, other variations are also possible, such as slab track where the rails are fastened to a concrete foundation resting on a prepared subsurface.
Rolling stock in railway transport systems generally has lower frictional resistance when compared with highway vehicles and the passenger and freight cars (carriages and wagons) can be coupled into longer trains. The operation is carried out by a railway company, providing transport between train stations or freight customer facilities. Power is provided by locomotives which either draw electrical power from a railway electrification system or produce their own power, usually by diesel engines. Most tracks are accompanied by a signalling system. Railways are a safe land transport system when compared to other forms of transport.[SUP][Nb 1][/SUP] Railway transport is capable of high levels of passenger and cargo utilization and energy efficiency, but is often less flexible and more capital-intensive than highway transport is, when lower traffic levels are considered.
The oldest, man-hauled railways date back to the 6th century B.C, with Periander, one of the Seven Sages of Greece, credited with its invention. Rail transport blossomed after the British development of the steam engine as a viable source of the power in the 18th and 19th centuries. With steam engines, it was possible to construct mainline railways, which were a key component of the industrial revolution. Also, railways reduced the costs of shipping, and allowed for fewer lost goods, compared with shipping, which faced occasional sinking of ships. The change from canals to railways allowed for "national markets" in which prices varied very little from city to city. Studies have shown that the invention and development of the railway in Europe was one of the most important technological inventions of the late 19th century for the United States, without which, GDP would have been lower by 7.0% in 1890.
In the 1880s, electrified trains were introduced, and also the first tramways and rapid transit systems came into being. Starting during the 1940s, the non-electrified railways in most countries had their steam locomotives replaced by diesel-electric locomotives, with the process being almost complete by 2000. During the 1960s, electrified high-speed railway systems were introduced in Japan and a few other countries. Other forms of guided ground transport outside the traditional railway definitions, such as monorail or maglev, have been tried but have seen limited use.
[HR][/HR][h=1]Spaceflight[/h] From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Spaceflight (disambiguation).
A Proton rocket launching Zvezda Service Module for the International Space Station in 2000
Spaceflight (also written space flight) is ballistic flight into or through outer space. Spaceflight can occur with spacecraft with or without humans on board. Examples of human spaceflight include the Russian Soyuz program, the U.S. Space shuttle program, as well as the ongoing International Space Station. Examples of unmanned spaceflight include space probes which leave Earth's orbit, as well as satellites in orbit around Earth, such as communication satellites. These operate either by telerobotic control or are fully autonomous.
Spaceflight is used in space exploration, and also in commercial activities like space tourism and satellite telecommunications. Additional non-commercial uses of spaceflight include space observatories, reconnaissance satellites and other earth observation satellites.
A spaceflight typically begins with a rocket launch, which provides the initial thrust to overcome the force of gravity and propels the spacecraft from the surface of the Earth. Once in space, the motion of a spacecraft both when unpropelled and when under propulsion is covered by the area of study called astrodynamics. Some spacecraft remain in space indefinitely, some disintegrate during atmospheric reentry, and others reach a planetary or lunar surface for landing or impact.
[HR][/HR][h=1]International Space Station[/h] From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"ISS" redirects here. For other uses, see ISS (disambiguation).
International Space Station The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station, or a habitable artificial satellite in low Earth orbit. The ninth space station to be inhabited by crews, it follows the Soviet and later Russian Salyut, Almaz, and Mir stations, and America's Skylab. The ISS is a modular structure whose first component was launched in 1998.[SUP][7][/SUP] Now the largest artificial body in orbit, it can often be seen at the appropriate time with the naked eye from Earth.[SUP][8][/SUP] The ISS consists of pressurised modules, external trusses, solar arrays and other components. ISS components have been launched by American Space Shuttles as well as Russian Proton and Soyuz rockets.[SUP][9][/SUP] Budget constraints led to the merger of three space station projects with the Japanese Kibō module and Canadian robotics. In 1993 the partially built components for a Soviet/Russian space station Mir-2, the proposed American Freedom, and the proposed European Columbus merged into a single multinational programme.[SUP][9][/SUP] The ISS is arguably the most expensive single item ever constructed.[SUP][10][/SUP]
The ISS serves as a microgravity and space environment research laboratory in which crew members conduct experiments in biology, human biology, physics, astronomy, meteorology and other fields.[SUP][11][/SUP][SUP][12][/SUP][SUP][13][/SUP] The station is suited for the testing of spacecraft systems and equipment required for missions to the Moon and Mars.[SUP][14][/SUP]
Since the arrival of Expedition 1 on 2 November 2000, the station has been continuously occupied for 12 years and 319 days, currently the longest continuous human presence in space. (In 2010, the station surpassed the previous record of almost 10 years (or 3,634 days) held by Mir.) The station is serviced by Soyuz spacecraft, Progress spacecraft, the Automated Transfer Vehicle, the H-II Transfer Vehicle,[SUP][15][/SUP] and the Dragon spacecraft. It has been visited by astronauts and cosmonauts from 15 different nations.[SUP][16][/SUP]
The ISS programme is a joint project among five participating space agencies: NASA, Roskosmos, JAXA, ESA, and CSA.[SUP][15][/SUP][SUP][17][/SUP] The ownership and use of the space station is established by intergovernmental treaties and agreements.[SUP][18][/SUP] The station is divided into two sections, the Russian orbital segment (ROS) and the United States orbital segment (USOS), which is shared by many nations. The ISS maintains an orbit with an altitude of between 330 km (205 mi) and 435 km (270 mi) by means of reboost manoeuvres using the engines of the Zvezda module or visiting spacecraft. It completes 15.50 orbits per day.[SUP][19][/SUP] The ISS is funded until 2020, and may operate until 2028.[SUP][20][/SUP][SUP][21][/SUP][SUP][22][/SUP] The Russian Federal Space Agency, Roskosmos (RKA) has proposed using the ISS to commission modules for a new space station, called OPSEK, before the remainder of the ISS is deorbited.
[HR][/HR][h=1]Nonogram[/h] From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with Nonagram or Nomogram.
Example of a nonogram puzzle being solved. Some of the steps of the process are grouped together.
Nonograms, also known as Hanjie or Griddlers, are picture logic puzzles in which cells in a grid must be colored or left blank according to numbers at the side of the grid to reveal a hidden picture. In this puzzle type, the numbers are a form of discrete tomography that measures how many unbroken lines of filled-in squares there are in any given row or column. For example, a clue of "4 8 3" would mean there are sets of four, eight, and three filled squares, in that order, with at least one blank square between successive groups.
These puzzles are often black and white, describing a binary image, but they can also be colored. If colored, the number clues are also colored to indicate the color of the squares. Two differently colored numbers may have a space in between them. For example, a black four followed by a red two could mean four black boxes, some empty spaces, and two red boxes, or it could simply mean four black boxes followed immediately by two red ones.
Nonograms have no theoretical limits on size, and are not restricted to square layouts.
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with Medal theft.
 | This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards, as Reason for rewrite. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. (December 2011) |
A plaque on Eliot Memorial Bridge, Great Blue Hill, Milton, Massachusetts, an apparent target of metal theft.
Metal theft is "the theft of items for the value of their constituent metals".[SUP][1][/SUP] It usually increases when worldwide prices for scrap metal rise, as has happened dramatically due to rapid industrialization in India and China. Apart from precious metals like gold and silver, the metals most commonly stolen are non-ferrous metals such as copper, aluminium, brass, and bronze. However, even cast iron and steel are now being taken owing to prices as scrap. [SUP][2][/SUP][SUP][3][/SUP]
One defining characteristic of metal theft is the motivation. Whereas other items are generally stolen for their extrinsic value, items with metal are stolen for their intrinsic value as raw material or commodities. Theft often have negative consequences much higher than the metal value, for example destroying valuable statues, causing long power interruptions or disrupting railway traffic.
[HR][/HR][h=1]Julius Popper[/h] From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
| Julius Popper | |
|---|---|
 Julius Popper | |
| Born | December 15, 1857 Bucharest, Romania |
| Died | June 5, 1893 Buenos Aires, Argentina |
| Nationality | Romanian, Argentine |
| Ethnicity | Jewish |
| Known for | Selknam genocide |
[HR][/HR]
[h=1]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention[/h] From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
| | This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. (May 2009) |
| Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Agency overview | |
| Formed | July 1, 1946 |
| Preceding agencies | Office of National Defense Malaria Control Activities (1942) Office of Malaria Control in War Areas (19421946) Communicable Disease Center (19461967) National Communicable Disease Center (19671970) Center for Disease Control (19701980) Centers for Disease Control (19801992) |
| Jurisdiction | Federal government of the United States |
| Headquarters | Druid Hills, Georgia |
| Employees | 15,000 |
| Annual budget | US$11.3 billion (2014 FY) |
| Agency executive | Thomas R. Frieden, MD, MPH, Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |
| Parent agency | United States Department of Health and Human Services |
[HR][/HR][h=1]Passenger name record[/h] From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from PNR)
Jump to: navigation, search
"PNR" redirects here. For other uses, see PNR (disambiguation).
In the airline and travel industries, a passenger name record (PNR) is a record in the database of a computer reservation system (CRS) that contains the itinerary for a passenger, or a group of passengers travelling together. The concept of a PNR was first introduced by airlines that needed to exchange reservation information in case passengers required flights of multiple airlines to reach their destination (interlining). For this purpose, IATA and ATA have defined standards for interline messaging of PNR and other data through the "ATA/IATA Reservations Interline Message Procedures - Passenger" (AIRIMP). There is no general industry standard for the layout and content of a PNR. In practice, each CRS or hosting system has its own proprietary standards, although common industry needs, including the need to map PNR data easily to AIRIMP messages, has resulted in many general similarities in data content and format between all of the major systems.
When a passenger books an itinerary, the travel agent or travel website user will create a PNR in the computer reservation system it uses. This is typically one of the large Global Distribution Systems, such as Amadeus, Sabre, Worldspan or Galileo, but if the booking is made directly with an airline the PNR can also be in the database of the airlines CRS. This PNR is called the Master PNR for the passenger and the associated itinerary. The PNR is identified in the particular database by a record locator.
When portions of the travel are not provided by the holder of the Master PNR, then copies of the PNR information are sent to the CRSes of the airlines that will be providing transportation. These CRSes will open copies of the original PNR in their own database to manage the portion of the itinerary for which they are responsible. Many airlines have their CRS hosted by one of the GDSes, which allows sharing of the PNR.
The record locators of the copied PNRs are communicated back to the CRS that owns the Master PNR, so all records remain tied together. This allows exchanging updates of the PNR when the status of trip changes in any of the CRSes.
Although PNRs were originally introduced for air travel, airlines systems can now also being used for bookings of hotels, car rental, airport transfers, and train trips.
[HR][/HR][h=1]Rail transport[/h] From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Railways)
Jump to: navigation, search
"Railway" and "Railroad" redirect here. For other uses, see Railway (disambiguation).
Four BNSF GE C44-9W diesel locomotives hauling a mixed freight train along the banks of the Columbia River, between Kennewick and Wishram, Washington State, USA
| Part of a series on |
| Transport |
|---|
| Modes |
| |
| Topics |
| |
|
| |
 |
| Rail transport |
|---|
| Operations |
| Track |
| Maintenance |
| High-speed railways |
| Track gauge |
| Stations |
| Trains |
| Locomotives |
| Rolling stock |
| Companies |
| History |
| Attractions |
| Terminology |
| By Country |
| Accidents |
| [HR][/HR] Modelling |
| This box: |
Rolling stock in railway transport systems generally has lower frictional resistance when compared with highway vehicles and the passenger and freight cars (carriages and wagons) can be coupled into longer trains. The operation is carried out by a railway company, providing transport between train stations or freight customer facilities. Power is provided by locomotives which either draw electrical power from a railway electrification system or produce their own power, usually by diesel engines. Most tracks are accompanied by a signalling system. Railways are a safe land transport system when compared to other forms of transport.[SUP][Nb 1][/SUP] Railway transport is capable of high levels of passenger and cargo utilization and energy efficiency, but is often less flexible and more capital-intensive than highway transport is, when lower traffic levels are considered.
The oldest, man-hauled railways date back to the 6th century B.C, with Periander, one of the Seven Sages of Greece, credited with its invention. Rail transport blossomed after the British development of the steam engine as a viable source of the power in the 18th and 19th centuries. With steam engines, it was possible to construct mainline railways, which were a key component of the industrial revolution. Also, railways reduced the costs of shipping, and allowed for fewer lost goods, compared with shipping, which faced occasional sinking of ships. The change from canals to railways allowed for "national markets" in which prices varied very little from city to city. Studies have shown that the invention and development of the railway in Europe was one of the most important technological inventions of the late 19th century for the United States, without which, GDP would have been lower by 7.0% in 1890.
In the 1880s, electrified trains were introduced, and also the first tramways and rapid transit systems came into being. Starting during the 1940s, the non-electrified railways in most countries had their steam locomotives replaced by diesel-electric locomotives, with the process being almost complete by 2000. During the 1960s, electrified high-speed railway systems were introduced in Japan and a few other countries. Other forms of guided ground transport outside the traditional railway definitions, such as monorail or maglev, have been tried but have seen limited use.
[HR][/HR][h=1]Spaceflight[/h] From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Spaceflight (disambiguation).
| It has been suggested that Unmanned spaceflight be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since August 2013. |
A Proton rocket launching Zvezda Service Module for the International Space Station in 2000
Spaceflight (also written space flight) is ballistic flight into or through outer space. Spaceflight can occur with spacecraft with or without humans on board. Examples of human spaceflight include the Russian Soyuz program, the U.S. Space shuttle program, as well as the ongoing International Space Station. Examples of unmanned spaceflight include space probes which leave Earth's orbit, as well as satellites in orbit around Earth, such as communication satellites. These operate either by telerobotic control or are fully autonomous.
Spaceflight is used in space exploration, and also in commercial activities like space tourism and satellite telecommunications. Additional non-commercial uses of spaceflight include space observatories, reconnaissance satellites and other earth observation satellites.
A spaceflight typically begins with a rocket launch, which provides the initial thrust to overcome the force of gravity and propels the spacecraft from the surface of the Earth. Once in space, the motion of a spacecraft both when unpropelled and when under propulsion is covered by the area of study called astrodynamics. Some spacecraft remain in space indefinitely, some disintegrate during atmospheric reentry, and others reach a planetary or lunar surface for landing or impact.
[HR][/HR][h=1]International Space Station[/h] From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"ISS" redirects here. For other uses, see ISS (disambiguation).
 | |
| The International Space Station, as seen from Space Shuttle Endeavour in May 2011. | |
 | |
| ISS insignia | |
| Station statistics | |
|---|---|
| COSPAR ID | 1998-067A |
| Call sign | Alpha |
| Crew | Fully crewed 6 Currently aboard 6 (Expedition 36) |
| Launch | 19982020 |
| Launch pad | Baikonur 1/5 and 81/23 Kennedy LC-39 |
| Mass | approximately 450,000 kg (990,000 lb) |
| Length | 72.8 m (239 ft) |
| Width | 108.5 m (356 ft) |
| Height | c. 20 m (c. 66 ft) nadirzenith, arrays forwardaft (27 November 2009)[SUP][dated info][/SUP] |
| Pressurised volume | 837 m[SUP]3[/SUP] (29,600 cu ft) (21 March 2011) |
| Atmospheric pressure | 101.3 kPa (29.91 inHg, 1 atm) |
| Perigee | 413 km (257 mi) AMSL[SUP][1][/SUP] |
| Apogee | 418 km (260 mi) AMSL[SUP][1][/SUP] |
| Orbital inclination | 51.65 degrees[SUP][1][/SUP] |
| Average speed | 7.67 kilometres per second (27,600 km/h; 17,200 mph)[SUP][1][/SUP] |
| Orbital period | 92.88 minutes[SUP][1][/SUP] |
| Orbit epoch | 7 September 2013[SUP][1][/SUP] |
| Days in orbit | 5415 (17 September) |
| Days occupied | 4702 (17 September) |
| Number of orbits | 84,745[SUP][1][/SUP] |
| Orbital decay | 2 km/month |
| Statistics as of 9 March 2011 (unless noted otherwise) | |
| References: [SUP][1][/SUP][SUP][2][/SUP][SUP][3][/SUP][SUP][4][/SUP][SUP][5][/SUP][SUP][6][/SUP] | |
| Configuration | |
 | |
| Station elements as of December 2011, but missing Pirs (exploded view) |
The ISS serves as a microgravity and space environment research laboratory in which crew members conduct experiments in biology, human biology, physics, astronomy, meteorology and other fields.[SUP][11][/SUP][SUP][12][/SUP][SUP][13][/SUP] The station is suited for the testing of spacecraft systems and equipment required for missions to the Moon and Mars.[SUP][14][/SUP]
Since the arrival of Expedition 1 on 2 November 2000, the station has been continuously occupied for 12 years and 319 days, currently the longest continuous human presence in space. (In 2010, the station surpassed the previous record of almost 10 years (or 3,634 days) held by Mir.) The station is serviced by Soyuz spacecraft, Progress spacecraft, the Automated Transfer Vehicle, the H-II Transfer Vehicle,[SUP][15][/SUP] and the Dragon spacecraft. It has been visited by astronauts and cosmonauts from 15 different nations.[SUP][16][/SUP]
The ISS programme is a joint project among five participating space agencies: NASA, Roskosmos, JAXA, ESA, and CSA.[SUP][15][/SUP][SUP][17][/SUP] The ownership and use of the space station is established by intergovernmental treaties and agreements.[SUP][18][/SUP] The station is divided into two sections, the Russian orbital segment (ROS) and the United States orbital segment (USOS), which is shared by many nations. The ISS maintains an orbit with an altitude of between 330 km (205 mi) and 435 km (270 mi) by means of reboost manoeuvres using the engines of the Zvezda module or visiting spacecraft. It completes 15.50 orbits per day.[SUP][19][/SUP] The ISS is funded until 2020, and may operate until 2028.[SUP][20][/SUP][SUP][21][/SUP][SUP][22][/SUP] The Russian Federal Space Agency, Roskosmos (RKA) has proposed using the ISS to commission modules for a new space station, called OPSEK, before the remainder of the ISS is deorbited.
[HR][/HR][h=1]Nonogram[/h] From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with Nonagram or Nomogram.
| This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. No cleanup reason has been specified. Please help improve this article if you can. (November 200 |
| This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2009) |
Example of a nonogram puzzle being solved. Some of the steps of the process are grouped together.
Nonograms, also known as Hanjie or Griddlers, are picture logic puzzles in which cells in a grid must be colored or left blank according to numbers at the side of the grid to reveal a hidden picture. In this puzzle type, the numbers are a form of discrete tomography that measures how many unbroken lines of filled-in squares there are in any given row or column. For example, a clue of "4 8 3" would mean there are sets of four, eight, and three filled squares, in that order, with at least one blank square between successive groups.
These puzzles are often black and white, describing a binary image, but they can also be colored. If colored, the number clues are also colored to indicate the color of the squares. Two differently colored numbers may have a space in between them. For example, a black four followed by a red two could mean four black boxes, some empty spaces, and two red boxes, or it could simply mean four black boxes followed immediately by two red ones.
Nonograms have no theoretical limits on size, and are not restricted to square layouts.
